New Material Flashcards
1
Q
In male reproduction, secretion of ____ marks beginning of puberty
A
secretion of GnRH from hypothalamus
2
Q
In male reproduction, secretion of ____ marks beginning of puberty
A
secretion of GnRH from hypothalamus
3
Q
Testosterone that is produced by fetal testes is stimulated by __ from ___
A
hCG from placenta
4
Q
What does LH do in male reproduction?
A
increases secretion of testosterone from interstitial cells of Leydig (Leydig cells)
5
Q
What does FSH do in male reproduction?
A
stimulates sertoil (sustentacular) cells
6
Q
Testosterone feeds back to hypothalamus and pituitary to inhibit:
A
GnRH and LH secretion
7
Q
Inhibin from sertoli cells feeds back to pituitary to:
A
inhibit FSH secretion
8
Q
What is the major androgen?
A
testosterone
9
Q
Testosterone is often converted to __ by __
A
dihydrotestosterone by 5alpha-reductase
10
Q
Dihydrotestosterone is more potent because:
A
it has a higher affinity for the intracellular androgen receptor
11
Q
In female reproduction, FSH stimulates __ and triggers ___
A
-stimulates granulosa cells and triggers the maturation of 6 to 20 primary follicles
12
Q
In female reproduction, LH stimulates ___ which secrete:
A
thecal cells which secrete estrogen and androgen
13
Q
What is the major estrogen secreted?
A
estradiol
14
Q
Granulosa cells convert ___ to estrogen for follicular maturation
A
androgen
15
Q
Inhibin is secreted by:
A
granulosa cells
16
Q
What does inhibin do?
A
feeds back (negative feedback) to pituitary to inhibit FSH
17
Q
Estrogen is normally ___ feedback but exception=
A
negative; positive prior to ovulation
18
Q
What happens during day 10 or 12 of the menstrual cycle?
A
Negative feedback switches to positive feedback (increased estrogen= LH surge= increased FSH)
19
Q
Testosterone that is produced by fetal testes is stimulated by __ from ___
A
hCG from placenta
20
Q
What does LH do in male reproduction?
A
increases secretion of testosterone from interstitial cells of Leydig (Leydig cells)
21
Q
What does FSH do in male reproduction?
A
stimulates sertoil (sustentacular) cells
22
Q
Testosterone feeds back to hypothalamus and pituitary to:
A
inhibit GnRH and LH secretion
23
Q
Inhibin from sertoli cells feeds back to pituitary to:
A
inhibit FSH secretion
24
Q
What is the major androgen?
A
testosterone
25
Testosterone is often converted to __ by __
dihydrotestosterone by 5alpha-reductase
26
Dihydrotestosterone is more potent because:
it has a higher affinity for the intracellular androgen receptor
27
In female reproduction, FSH stimulates __ and triggers ___
-stimulates granulosa cells and triggers the maturation of 6 to 20 primary follicles
28
In female reproduction, LH stimulates ___ which secrete:
thecal cells which secrete estrogen and androgen
29
What is the major estrogen secreted?
estradiol
30
Granulosa cells convert ___ to estrogen for follicular maturation
androgen
31
Inhibin is secreted by:
granulosa cells
32
What does inhibin do?
feeds back (negative feedback) to pituitary to inhibit FSH
33
Estrogen is normally ___ feedback but exception=
negative; positive prior to ovulation
34
What happens during day 10 or 12 of the menstrual cycle?
Negative feedback switches to positive feedback (increased estrogen= LH surge= increased FSH)
35
A surge of __ triggers ovulation and stimulates the secretion of ___
LH; progesterone
36
```
Which of the following types of molecules work via an intracellular receptor?
A. Catecholamines (epinephrine)
B. Peptides (ADH)
C. Steroids (cortisol)
D. Proteins (insulin)
E. Nucleic acids
```
C: Steroids (cortisol)
37
How does the endocrine differ from the nervous system?
Use of the bloodstream
38
A person who, as an adult, develops a tumor that secretes growth hormone will have a condition called:
acromegaly
39
The posterior pituitary receives signals from the hypothalamus via:
neurons
40
A GnRH antagonist will __ production of __ by the testes
decrease; testosterone
41
Because it destabilizes excitable membranes, a major symptom of hypocalcemia is:
skeletal muscle tetany
42
A person with vitamin D deficiency will have difficulty:
Reabsorbing bone to allow its calcium to be released
43
After thyroglobulin is synthesized, it is secreted into:
colloid
44
In Grave's disease, goiter is produced because the auto-immune antibodies mimic the effects of:
TSH
45
Which organ is most dependent on glucose to provide it with energy?
brain
46
Type 1 Diabetes mellitus is characterized by
Destruction of insulin producing cells
47
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by
Cells that are poorly responsive to insulin
48
Chromosome replication occurs during which phase?
S phase
49
The diploid number of chromosomes in humans is:
46
50
Spermatogenesis occurs within:
seminiferous tubules
51
Prostatic fluid is:
thin, with proteolytic enzymes and agents that help regulate pH
52
In males, LH stimulates:
Testosterone secretion from Leydig cells
53
Capacitation is:
the process by which sperm to acquire the ability to fertilize an oocyte
54
In males, impotence is treated with drugs that promote relaxation of smooth muscle cells in blood vessels,
allowing increased blood flow (thus facilitating erection). Such drugs work as:
phosphodiesterase inhibitors
55
What is the initial event in this sequence?
__, FSH, follicular matruation, endometrial proliferation
GnRH
56
When both estrogen and progesterone are present, what phase is the endometrium in?
Secretory
57
Which is the proper sequence of events in oogenesis and ovulation?
Primary follicle, Mature follicle, Ovulated oocyte, Corpus luteum
58
How many days/weeks make up the pre-embryonic stage of human development?
days 0-16; weeks 1 & 2
59
What weeks make up the embryonic stage of human development?
weeks 3-8
60
What weeks make up the fetal stage of human development?
weeks 9- birth
61
Fertilization must occur within what time frame from ovulation?
24 hrs
62
The "ovum" that the sperm meets and fertilizes is initially developed as a secondary oocyte during:
metaphase II
63
Where do the sperm and "ovum" meet?
fallopian tube
64
Penetration of the egg by the sperm stimulates completion of __ and ejection of the ___
meiosis II; second polar body
65
Once the egg is fertilized by the sperm, it is considered a __
zygote
66
When does cleavage and morula formation occur?
days 1-3
67
Cells of the morula continue to divide and the interior fills with fluid. This is now called a __
blastocyst
68
What is a common cause of hyperthyroidism?
Graves disease
69
Graves disease is a common causeo f ___
hyperthyroidism
70
The common term for an enlarged thyroid is:
Goiter
71
When thyroid can't produce the amount of hormones the pituitary calls for, this is called:
primary hypothyroidism
72
When the thyroid isn't being stimulated by pituitary to produce hormones, this is called:
secondary hypothyroidism
73
Where is ionized calcium found?
dissolved in body fluids
74
Where is insoluble calcium salts found?
stored in bone/teeth
75
Hypothyroidism present at birth that isn't treated is called:
Cretinism (congenital hypothyroidism)
76
What are the three main hormones that regulate calcium levels?
1. parathyroid hormone (PTH)
2. calcitonin
3. calcitriol (active form of vitamin D)
77
The __ produces calcitonin. The production of calcitonin promotes:
thyroid gland
-promotes calcium STORAGE
78
The parathyroid hormone promotes:
calcium MOBILIZATION
79
Steroid and thyroid hormones have what type of receptors?
intracellular receptors
80
Prostaglandins have what type of receptors?
cell surface receptors
81
3 types of cell surface receptors=
1. ion channel linked
2. g-protein linked
3. enzyme-linked
82
Example of ion channel linked receptor=
nicotinic cholinergic receptor
83
Example of g-protein linked receptor=
muscarinic cholinergic receptor
84
Two examples of enzyme-linked receptors=
1. insulin receptor
| 2. growth hormone receptor
85
What are the 2 hormones produced by the posterior pituitary?
1. ADH (vasopressin)
| 2. Oxytocin
86
Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones travel in the ____ from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary which secretes them
hypophyseal portal system
87
What six hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary?
1. FSH
2. LH
3. Growth Hormone
4. TSH
5. Prolactin
6. ACTH
88
What are the two main functions of thyroid hormone?
1. increased metabolism
| 2. normal growth adn maturation
89
The adrenal medulla secretes __
epinephrine
90
The adrenal cortex produces more than 25 steroid hormones called:
corticosteroids
91
The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex produces:
mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
92
The zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex produces:
glucocorticoids (cortisol)
93
The zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex produces:
sex steroids (DHEA, testosterone, estrogen)
94
An excess of glucocorticoids (too much cortisol) is called:
cushing syndrome
95
An excess of aldosterone is called:
primary aldosteronism
96
An adrenal insufficiency resulting in hyperkalemia, hypovolemia, hypoglycemia,and an inability to handle stress is called:
Addisons disease
97
The adrenal medulla would atrophy without the stimulation of:
cortisol produced from the adrenal cortex
98
The pancreatic islet has 3 cell types which are:
1. beta cells
2. alpha cells
3. delta cells
99
Beta cells of the pancreas produce:
insulin
100
Alpha cells of the pancreas produce:
glucagon
101
Delta cells of the pancreas produce:
somatostatin
102
What is the normal range of plasma glucose?
70-110 mg/dL
103
Which state has a high insulin/glucagon ratio (favors insulin)?
absorptive (fed) state
104
Which state has a low insulin/glucagon ratio (favors glucagon)?
Postabsorptive (fasting) state
105
What type of diabetes is considered insulin dependent?
type 1 DM
106
What type of diabetes is considered insulin independent?
type 2 DM
107
3 classic signs of diabetes mellitus=
1. polyuria
2. polydipsia
3. polyphagia
108
What are hyperglycemia (diabetes related) complications that occur over time with high levels of blood sugar?
- eye disease
- stroke
- heart disease and high BP
- kidney disease
- impaired blood flow to lower legs
- nerve damage (peripheral neuropathy)
109
What happens to chromosomes during meiosis I?
46 bivalent --> 23 bivalent chromosomes
110
What happens to chromosomes during meiosis II?
23 bivalent --> 23 univalent chromosomes
111
Normal separation of chromosomes during meiosis I is called:
disjunction
112
Failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis is called:
nondisjunction
113
What chromosomes exist in an individual with turner syndrome?
XO
114
What chromosomes exist in an individual with klinefelter syndrome?
XXY
115
All organs & tissues that release hormones are part of the __ system
endocrine
116
All of the following hormones via intracellular receptors, EXCEPT:
estradiol, thyroxine, epinephrine, aldosterone, cortisol
epinephrine
117
Which of the following hormones works via a membrane-bound receptor?
cortisol, estradiol, growth hormone, aldosterone
growth hormone
118
Intracellular receptors for steroid hormones are:
transcription factors
119
A child or adolescent that develops a pituitary tumor that secretes excess growth hormone will develop a condition known as:
giantism
120
A GnRH agonist ___ release of __ from the testes
increases; testosterone
121
Vasopressin is produced by the __ and released from the __
hypothalamus; posterior pituitary
122
The disease of cortisol excess is:
cushing's
123
In grave's disease, an auto-immune reaction causes antibodies to:
imitate the effects of TSH
124
What happens when parathyroid hormone stimulates osteoclasts?
increased release of calcium in the blood
125
What is the most important component of the thyroglobulin molecule for synthesis of thyroid hormone?
tyrosine
126
In a healthy individual, when blood levels of thyroid hormone fall:
TSH secretion increases
127
The adrenal medulla produces __. The adrenal cortex produces __
epinephrine;
sex steroids, glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids
128
The releasing hormone for aldosterone is:
angiotensin II
129
In type I diabetes, insulin production is __. In type 2 diabetes insulin production is __.
decreased; normal
130
When you first wake up in the AM, before you break your overnight fast, you would expect your plasma levels to be:
low normal glucose, low insulin, high glucagon
131
Activation of the insulin receptor in skeletal muscle fibers and adipocytes causes:
insertion of glucose transporters into the plasma membrane
132
Immediately following S-phase (prior to mitosis), a somatic cell possesses
46 bivalent chromosomes
133
This hormone promotes sperm production __. This hormone promotes development of secondary sex characteristics in males __
FSH; testosterone
134
Which second messenger is most important for allowing male erectile tissue to fill with blood?
cGMP
135
The therapeutic efficacy of major drugs for erectile dysfunction is due to their ability to cause:
vasodilation
136
A shift to positive feedback triggers ___ which triggers ovulation.
the LH surge
137
Spontaneous degenerationof the corpus lutem leads to:
the menstrual phase
138
During days 14-26 of the female cycle, all of the following events occur except:
1. maturation of the follicle
2. The uterus prepares for the possibility of implantation
3. proliferation of granulosa and thecal cells to form corpus luteum
4. growth and vascularization of the endometrium
5. elevation of progesterone secretion
maturation of the follicle
139
What implants into the endometrium?
A blastocyst
140
Which of the following causes milk ejection?
oxytocin
141
Late in pregnancy, decreasing levels of __ contributes to increased uterine myometrial contractility
progesterone
142
Pregnancy tests work by detecting:
chorionic gonadotropin hormone
143
Progesterone receptor antagonists like RU486 disrupt pregnancy by:
preventing implantation
144
During fetal development, the production of surfactant is a key factor for:
viability
145
Hormone that induces ovulation:
Luteinizing hormone
146
"Water conserving" hormone
aldosterone
147
Hormone that reduces blood calcium levels by promoting bone deposition
calcitonin
148
Released from the adrenal medulla in response to activation of the sympathetic nervous system
Epinephrine
149
anabolic agent responsible for lengthening of bones before adulthood
growth hormone
150
Hormone responsible for: milk ejection and uterine contractility
oxytocin
151
Therapeutic efficacy of this hormone is related to its potent anti-inflammatory actions
cortisol
152
vital role in development and metabolism/metabolic rate
thyroid hormone
153
stimulates spermatogenesis and development of secondary sex characteristics
testosterone
154
elevates blood glucose by stimulating the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose and release glucose into the blood
GLUCAGON
155
Importance in the growth, vascularization and maintenance of the endometrium
progesterone
156
chronic exposure to this hormone is an established risk factor for female reproductive cancers
estradiol
157
causes liver, muscle and fat tissue to take up glucose from the blood
insulin
