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BDS Stage 1 > New Neurobiology > Flashcards

New Neurobiology Flashcards

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1
Q

Which of the RF pathways go into the Cerebellum ?

A

serotonergic

noradrenergic

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2
Q

How can you tell the difference between the serotonergic and noardrenergic pathways ?

A

serotonergic goes into corpus callosum

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3
Q

What is the nuclei and the role of the serotonergic pathways ?

A

Raphe nucleus magnus

sleep/mood and emotional behaviour

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4
Q

What is the nuclei and the role of the cholinerigc pathways?

A

Nucleus of meynert- basal forebrain

memeory learning

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5
Q

What is the nuclei and the role of the dopaminergic pathways ?

A

VTA

Act on D1/D2 receptors in the putamen circuit

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6
Q

What is the nuclei of the noradrenergic pathways ?

A

locus coereleus
attention
learning
memory and mood

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7
Q

What is the role of the anterior corticospinal tract ?

A

Proximal

decussates at the spinal chord level

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8
Q

What is the role of the lateral corticospinal tract ?

A

Distal musculature

decussates at the medulla

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9
Q

What is the role of the rubrospinal tract ?

A

excitation of flexors

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10
Q

What is the role of reticulospinal tract ?

A

flexors

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11
Q

What is the role of the tectospinal tract ?

A

orientation to visual stimuli- tracking

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12
Q

What is the role of the lateral vestibuospinal tract ?

A

antigravity muscles

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13
Q

What is the role of the medial reticulospinal tract ?

A

regulate head movements.

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14
Q

Where does the abducens lie ?

A

on the pons

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15
Q

What joins to the ponto-medullary junctions ?

A

VI
VII
VIII

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16
Q

What joins to the post olivary sulcus ?

A

IX
X
XI

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17
Q

What joins to the preolivary sulucus ?

A

XII

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18
Q

What is the nucleus ambiguus ?

A

IX
X
XI

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19
Q

What is the role of the inferior colliculus ?

A

Spatial localisation of sound

Sound travels to the MGN via the inferior colliculus in the auditory pathway

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20
Q

What is the role of the superior colliculus ?

A

involved in the optic pathway

fibres travel in the optic tract to the superior coliculus and the LGN

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21
Q

What is the role of the globus pallidus in relation to the thalamus ?

A

globus pallidus interior is inhibitory to the thalamus.

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22
Q

What is the striatum ?

A

composed of the caudate and the putamen

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23
Q

What is huntingtons disease a result of ?

A

loss of acetylcholinergic input to the striatum.

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24
Q

Where is the trochlear nerve located ?

A

on the dorsal side of the brainstem

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25
What is the output of the fastigial nucleus ?
floculonodular lobe
26
What are the nuclei found in the vermis of the cerebellum ?
Fastigial nucleus
27
What are the nuclei found in the intermediate zone of the vermis ?
interposed nucleus
28
What are the nuclei found in the cerebellar hemispheres ?
Dentate nucleus
29
What are the nuclei found in the flocuonodular lobe ?
Fastigial nucleus
30
What do lesions to the spinocerbellum lead to ?
ataxia
31
What do lesions in the vestibulocerebellum lead to ?
staggering gait
32
What do lesions in the neocerbellum lead to ?
slow movement onset
33
How do the basal ganglia act ?
ipsilaterally
34
What are the basal ganglia ?
``` Putamen Globus Pallidus interior and exterior Sub thalamic Substantia nigra Caudate ```
35
What is the role of the basal ganglia ?
they tend to inhibit unwanted movements- the prevent unwanted movements
36
What is the basic feedback system that the basal ganglia are a part of ?
Basal ganglia to the cortex via the ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei of the thalamus
37
What is the striatum ?
caudate and putamen
38
What is the corpus striatum ?
caudate putamen and globus pallidus
39
What is the putamen circuit ?
subconscious execution of planned movements
40
What is the caudate circuit ?
cognitive planning of movement
41
What is parkinsons disease a result of ?
loss of dopamine from the substantia nigra - loss of nigrostriatal projections
42
Is parkinsons a hyperkinetic or hypokinetic disorder ?
hypokinetic
43
What is huntingtons disease a result of ?
loss of cholinergic input to the striatum
44
Is huntingtons a hyperkinetic or jypokinetic disorder ?
hyperkinetic
45
Describe the direct pathway ?
Dopmaine acts on D1 receptors in the striatum this inhibits the globus pallidus interior this reduces inhibition of the thalamus and increases cortical activity
46
Describe the indirect pathway ?
dopamine acts on D2 receptors this inhibits the globus pallidus exterior this reduces subthalamic inhibition this excites the globus pallidus interior this reduces thalamic and cortical excitation.
47
What are the alar lamina ?
sensory | lateral
48
What are the basal lamina ?
motor | medial
49
What are general somatic afferents ?
general sensation from skin, skeletal muscle , joint and bone
50
What are special somatic afferent ?
vision hearing and balance
51
What are general visceral afferent ?
visceral organs
52
What are special visceral afferent ?
taste and visceral sense
53
What are special visceral efferent
skeletal muscle from the pharyngeal arches
54
What are general somatic efferent ?
skeletal muscle from somites
55
What are general visceral efferent ?
Parasympathetic- muscles and glands
56
Where do cranial nerve I and II attach ?
diencephalon
57
Where do cranial nerve III-XII attach ?
brainstem
58
What are the entirely sensory cranial nerves ?
optic olfactory vestibulocohlear
59
What are the entirely motor cranial nerves ?
``` oculomotor trochlear abducens spinal accessory Hypoglossal ```
60
What are the sensory and motor cranial nerves ?
facial trigeminal vagus Glossopharyngeal
61
What are the parasympathetic cranial nerves ?
oculomotor glossopharyngeal vagus facial
62
What is the nucleus ambiguus ?
IX X XI muscles of the pharynx,larynx and soft palate
63
What is the edinger westphal nucleus ?
oculomotor | to the iris and ciliary muscles
64
What is the superior salivatory nucleus ?
lacrimal submandibular sublingual VII
65
What is the inferior salivatory nucleus ?
parotid | IX
66
What is the nucleus of the solitary tract ?
VII IX and X | Anterior and posterior tongue and the epiglottis
67
What are the 3 primary brain vesicles ?
Prosencehalon Mesencephalon Rhomencephalon
68
What does the prosencephalon divide into ?
Diencephalon- thalamus | Tentencephalon- Cerebral hemispheres
69
What does the mesencephalon divide into ?
midbrain
70
What does the rhomebncepahlon divide into ?
metencephalon- pons and cerebellum | Myelencepahlon- medulla
71
What is the wall of the lateral ventricle ?
cerebral hemisphere
72
What is the wall of the third ventricle ?
thalamus
73
What is the wall of the IVth ventricle ?
pons and medulla
74
What is the wall of the cerebral aqueduct ?
midbrain
75
What does the opthalmic artery supply ?
retina | cranial dura
76
What is locked in syndrome ?
basillar artery- has pontine branhes- supply pons which is route for all ascending and descending pathways
77
What is the difference between dendrites and axons ?
dendrites- taper and have spines | axons- dont taper and dont have spines
78
What is the motor protein used in fast anterograde transport ?
kineisin
79
What protein coats neurotransmiter vesicles ready for exocytosis ?
clathrin
80
What is temporal summation ?
adding together of firing of many EPSPs from the same presynaptic neurone at high frequency to trigger an AP in the postsynaptic neurone
81
What is spatial summation ?
adding together of many EPSPs from many presynaptic neurones to trigger an AP
82
What are the modaliites carried by the DCML ?
fine touch pressure vibration proprioception
83
What is carried by the pain and temperature and the anterolateral system ?
crude touch pain temperature
84
Explain how synaptic strength can be altered ?
increase in synaptic use activate PKC and Calcium modualting kinase leads to increased intrcellular calcium leads to second messenger activate TFs and upregulate proteins- increased receptors on the post synaptic membrane- increased sensitivty to neurotransmitter
85
What are some neurotransmitters that can activate the centrifugal pathway ?
glutamtate enkephalin glutamate
86
How do opioids work ?
GABA inhibits internneurones in the centrifugal pathway | opioids inhibit GABA
87
What do free nerve endings sense ?
pain
88
What are the rapidly adapting receptors ?
Pacinian meissners some hair follicle receptors
89
What are the slowly adapting receptors
merkel ruffini some hair follicle receptors
90
What is area 1 and 3b ?
cutaneous stimuli
91
What is area 2 ?
tactile proprioception and touch
92
What is area 3 ?
proprioception
93
What does the corticobulbar tract innervate ?
V VII XII XI
94
Describe the corticobulbar tract ?
bilateral to V and VII- upper face contralateral to VII- lower face Contralateral to II,IV and VI from frontal and parietal eye fields Ipsilateral to XI bilateral to XII except contralteral to genioglossus
95
Where can you find the secondary somatosensory cortex ?
below the PSC | and above the lateral sulcus
96
Where are the lesions present in the people who cant see but can react to objects ?
posterior to the LGN and the superior colliculus and PVC
97
What senses balance and where is it ?
ampullae | semi circular canals
98
What senses sound ?
organ of corti
99
What are the otolith organs and what do they do
utricle and the saculale- tilting, changes in gravity and linear acceleration
100
What are the roles of the prefrontal assocaition cortex >
integration of motor info | decision making
101
What are the outputs of the supplementary cortex ?
corticospinal corticobulbar reticular formation PMC
102
What are the 2 roles of the posterior parietal cortex ?
planning | carrying out and modulation of movement
103
What is the basal ganglia loop ?
``` posterior parietal cortex basal ganglia thalamus pre motor supplementary motor cortex primary motor cortex ```
104
What is the cerebellar loop ?
``` posterior parietal cortex pontine nuclei deep cerebellar nuclei thalamus premotor supplementary motor primary motorcortex ```
105
Where does the corticospinal tract originate from ?
upper medial part of the PMC
106
What does the posterior parietal cortex do in addition to modification and planning ?
produces an internal model of movement
107
What are the roles of the red nucleus and the inferior olive ?
adaptation of movements in response to external stimuli
108
What are the roles of the climbing fibres ?
control of motor response
109
What structure does huntingtons affect ?
globus pallidus exterior
110
What are the structures involve in the reward pathway ?
``` VTA Hippocampus Amygdala nucleus accumbens prefrontal cortex ```
111
What are the inputs to the RF ?
spinal chord cerebellum CN forebrain
112
What are the functions of the RF ?
``` sleep CVS control Habituation pain modulation Somatic motror control- CPGs ```
113
What happens in REM sleep ?
Paralysis of voluntary muscles | active brain
114
What happens in non rapid eye movement sleep ?
lowering of body temperature, muscle movement and HR
115
What is a ganglion ?
group of cell bodies in the PNS
116
What is a nucleus ?
group of cell bodies in the CNS
117
How can you determine the function of a neurone ?
neurotransmitter released reaction to nuerotransmitter shape
118
What are glial cells ?
neuronal cells that dont carry impulses
119
What are oligodendrocytes ?
myelinate several axons in the CNS
120
What are schwann cells ?
myelinate single axons in the PNS
121
What is the origin of mesoderm ?
mesenchyme
122
What are the methods of visualising neurones ?
silver impregnation method | santiago ramon y cajal
123
How does the silver impregnation method work ?
only 1% of cells in isolation can be seen
124
How does santiago work ?
can see discrete neurones | subcellular organisations
125
What are dendrites ?
receive and process information from cells that synapse with them act as neural integrators
126
What is known as the mater integrator ?
cerebellar purkinje cells
127
What are the cerebral cortex and hippocampus composed of ?
pyramidal cells
128
What is the composition of myelin ?
70-80% lipids | 20% protein
129
What are the connections between axon terminals and axons ?
axoaxonic- axon terminal and axon axosomatic- axon terminal and cell body axodendritic- axon terminal and dendrites
130
What are the small process on axons ?
terminal boutons | boutons en passant
131
What are the types of axonal transport ?
fast anterograde slow anterograde fast retrrograde
132
What is fast anterograde transport ?
between the cell body and axon terminals transport organelles , synaptic vesicles and neurotrnasmitters use kinesins and microtubules
133
What is slow anterograde transport ?
moves soluble substances to the axon terminal
134
What is fast retrograde ?
axon terminal to cell body dyneins return matter to the cell bod for the building of new constituents
135
What is passive propagation ?
static membrane characteristics | properties dont change in signalling
136
What is active propagation ?
active electrical propertis that change with signalling
137
What is the absolute refractory period ?
second AP cant be triggered no matter how big the stimulus is
138
What is the relative refractory period ?
suprathreshold stimulus can trigger AP
139
What is important about the Refractory period ?
determines the direction of action potential as sodium channels are closed on one side
140
Which axons have the greatest conductance velocity ?
large myelinated
141
What are electrical synapses ?
fastest synapse no chemical transduction bi directional
142
Which cells have electrical synapses ?
cardiomyocytes
143
What are chemical synapses ?
neurotransmittere rely on chemical transduction unidirectional
144
What are gap jucntions ?
protein pores between 2 adjacent cells made of connexon no contact with the ECF
145
What are ionotropic receptors ?
directly linked to ion channels | faster
146
What are metabotropic receptors ?
GPcr that rely on a second messenger
147
What is the active zone ?
the site of neurotransmitter release
148
What are the 2 types of SNARE proteins ?
V snare and T snare
149
What are V snare proteins ?
vesicle membrane proteins - used in docking leads to calcium induced exocyosis clathirin induced endocytosis
150
What are T snare proteins ?
target membrane proteins | voltage gated calcium channels trigger release
151
What is the difference between an AP and an EPSP ?
AP is non decremental and EPSP is | AP is all or non v rest to 30 and EPSP is v rest to threshold
152
What are IPSPs?
inhibitory ion channels that use GABA lead to passage of chloride and hyperpolariation difficult to generate an AP
153
What are the divisions of the diencephalon ?
thalamus | hypothalamus
154
What are the steps in neuralation ?
``` Ectoderm thickens to form neural plate Lateral margins elevate to form the neural crests neural groove margins fuse to form the neural tube cranial and caudal neurpores ```
155
What is anenecephaly ?
failure of cranial neuropores to fuse
156
What is spina bifida ?
failure of the caudal neurpores to close
157
What are the derivatives of CNCs
``` Adrenal medlla odontoblasts parafollicualr cells of thyroid autonomic ganglia melanocytes ```
158
What is the origin of microglia ?
mesodermal | haemaotpoietic stem cell
159
Where is brocas area ?
inferior frontal gyrus
160
What are the causes of stroke ?
85% - ischarmia | 15% haemorrhage
161
What are the branches of the internal carotid artery ?
Anterior choroidal anterior and middle cerebral anterior and posterior comunicating opthalmic
162
What are the branches of the vertebral artery ?
anterior and posteiror spinal posterior inferior cerebellar medullary branches
163
What are the branches of the basillar artery ?
superior cerebellar posterior cerebral anterior inferior cerbelalr pontine
164
What is the pattern of CSF flow ?
``` lateral ventricles interventricular fo third ventricles cerebral aqueduct 4th ventricles median and lateral apertures subarachnoid space arachnoid villi superior sagittal sinus ```
165
What are the roles of the CSF ?
cushioning stable ionic environment float get rid of wastes
166
What does the right side of the brain control ?
left side of the body
167
What is TACS ?
main artery to a hemisphere damgaed | left hemipshrer affected- right MCA affected - right hemipiaresis
168
What is locked in syndrome
basillar artery affected ascending and descending pathways gone hemiplegia, sensory neglect and loss
169
DRAK
dyneins- retrograde | kinesins- anterograde
170
What is the equivalent of A-alpha fibres
1a and 1b
171
What is the equivalent of A-beta fibres ?
II
172
What is the equivalent of a-delta fibres ?
III
173
What is the equivalent of C fibres ?
IV
174
What are the modalities carried by the DCML ?
fine touch pressure vibration proprioception
175
How is synaptic strength altered ?
increased use of AMPA and NMDA receptors activate PKC and calcium calmodulating kinase increase calcium acts as a second messenger activates TFs upregualtes proteins- insert on post synaptic membrane increased sensitivity
176
What is the pain and temperature system in the trigeminothalamic system ?
enter pons through trigeminal ganglion small myelinated and unmyelinated descend to synapse in the spinotrigeminal complex in medulla 2nd order neurones synapse in ventral posterior medial nucleus of the thalamus 3rd order to the primary somatosensory cortex
177
What are nociceptors and where are they found ?
free nerve endings | skin joints and bone
178
What are A-delta and C fibres stimulated by
A-delta stimulated by mechanical stimuli | C fibres stimulated by chemical and mechanical stimuli
179
What is the gate control theory of pain ?
non painful input closes gates to painful input | prevent sensation to the CNS
180
What is muscle spindle length controlled by ?
gamma motoneurones
181
What does the myotactic reflex do ?
excites flexor | inhibit extensor
182
What is the inverse reflex ?
inhibit muscle activate antagonist slower- extra synapse- inhibitory internerurone
183
What is the stimuli for withdrawal reflex ?
type III afferents- pain
184
What do hair follicle receptors detect ?
motion and direction
185
What do meissners corpuscles detect ?
tap flutter
186
What do merkel cells detect ?
touch
187
What do ruffini corpuscles detect ?
skin stretch
188
What is nucleus ambiguus ?
IX X XI muscles of the pharynx, larynx and the doft palate
189
What is the nucleus of the solitary tract ?
VII IX and X tongue and epiglottis
190
What does serotonin do ?
released from raphe nucleus | desends to the spinal chord acts on inhibitory interneurons in laminae II
191
What does enkephalin do ?
acts on opioid receptors in centrifugal pathway
192
What is the jaw jerk reflex ?
muscle spindle to mesencephalic of V to motor of V masseter
193
What does the jaw unloading reflex do ?
golgi | inhibit contraction- stop teeth crashing together
194
Where are the cell bodies of cochlear nerve ?
spiral ganglion
195
What do vibrations on the tympanic membrane do ?
``` vibration of the stapes on the oval window waves in the cochlea- fluid movement vibration in the basilar membrane rubs off tectorial membrane K channels open influx of K trigger Ca - vesicle movement ```
196
Where do 2nd order neurones in the cochlear nucleus go to
MGN via the inferior colliculus
197
Where does the vestibular pathway go ?
medial longitudinal fasciulus
198
Chewing is initiated by ?
voluntary control reflex activity rhyhtmical signals to the masticatory muscles
199
Where is the CPG ?
pontine reticular nucleus
200
What is the process of mastication ?
food taken in rhythmic mastication initiated receptors in oral cavity feedback about hardness to the motor nucleus of V and CPG
201
What does the CPG activate ?
premotoneurones | motor nucleus of V
202
What does the motor nucleus of V do ?
send rhythmical signals to mastication muscles
203
Where does feedback from the bolus go to ?
motor nucleus of V | Reticular formation
204
What is the limbic system ?
anterior cingualte cortex amygdala hippocampus hypothalamus
205
What is the function of the hypothalamus ?
endocrine sexual homeostasis
206
What are the functions of the amygdala ?
reward fear emotional learning
207
What are the structures of the reward system ?
``` VTA prefrontal cortex amygdala hippocampus nucleus accumbens ```

BDS Stage 1 (39 decks)

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