NEW QUIZ Flashcards
study of the occurrence and distribution of health conditions such as disease, death, deformities or disabilities on human populations
Epidemiology
Uses of Epidemiology
a) To study the history of the health populations and the rise and fall of disease and changes in their character
b) To diagnose the health of the community and the condition of the people: to measure the distribution and dimension of illness in terms of incidence, prevalence, disability and mortality; to set health problems in perspective and to define their relative importance; and to identify groups needing special attention.
c) To study the work of health services with a view of improving them. Operational research shows how community expectations can result in the actual provisions of service.
d) To estimate the risks of disease, accident, defect and the chances of avoiding them
e) To identify syndromes by describing the distribution and association of clinical phenomena in the population
f) To complete the clinical picture of chronic disease and describe their natural history.
g) To search for causes of health and disease by comparing the experience of groups that are clearly defined by their composition, inheritance, experience, behavior and environments
- Disease development does not rest on a single cause. Health condition result from a multitude factors.
Multiple Causation Theory/Ecologic Triad
Ecologic Triad highlights not only the host’s and agent’s roles in disease development but also regards the ________.
role of the environment as important in disease causation
The three elements of the ecologic triad interact with one other in an attempt to maintain an _____. Any major change in any one of the factors may bring about a disturbance in the equilibrium provoking the appearance of a health problem
equilibrium
– any element, substance or force, either animate or inanimate, the presence or absence of which may serve as stimulus to initiate or perpetuate a disease process. This happens only when the agent comes in contact with a susceptible host and under proper environmental conditions
agent
host
environment
Agent of a disease
any organism that harbors and provides nourishment for another organism
agent
host
environment
host
– (for community as a host)
probability of a group or community developing an epidemic upon introduction of an infectious agent
Herd immunity
sum total of all external conditions and influences that affects the life and development of an organism
agent
host
environment
environment
environmental that composed of inanimate surroundings such as the geophysical conditions or the climate
physical environment
biological environment
socio-economic environment
physical environment
makes up the living things around us such as the plant and animal life
physical environment
biological environment
socio-economic environment
biological environment
may be in the form of level of economic development of the community, presence of social disruption
physical environment
biological environment
socio-economic environment
socio-economic environment
- aids in identifying agent-host-environmental factors that influence their development, characteristic signs and symptoms during their different periods of progression, and approaches to preventing and controlling their effects on human
Natural Life History of Disease
Natural Life History of Disease Period
Pre-pathogenesis and Pathogenesis
– the host was not able to overcome the stimuli (e.g. smoking or elevated serum levels), it starts to produce changes in the tissues of humans (e.g. atherosclerosis in the coronary vessels)
Pre-pathogenesis
Pathogenesis
Pathogenesis
– man is exposed to a predisposing factor or stimuli which would caused the disequilibrium such as the host resistance or susceptibility, agent virulence, toxicity, quantity or changes in the environment
Pre-pathogenesis
Pathogenesis
Pre-pathogenesis
Pathogenesis examples
- Early pre-pathogenesis
- Discernible early disease
- Advanced Disease
- Convalescence
- Recovery or Disability/Chronic State/Death
refers to identification of potential problems so that the nurse can minimize or probably even eradicate possible disability or deformity in a population-at-risk to a negative exposure
prevention
directed to the healthy population, focusing on prevention of emergence of risk factors (primordial prevention) and removal of the risk factors or reduction of their levels (specific protection). It aims to strengthen the host resistance, inactivate the agent (source of infection) or interrupt the chain of infection through environmental manipulation/ modification and prevention of spread to human reservoirs and other susceptible human hosts. Health promotion activities include provision of proper nutrition, safe water supply and waste disposal system, vector control, promotion of a healthy lifestyle and good personal habits
Primary prevention
Secondary prevention
Tertiary prevention
Primary prevention
aims to identify and treat existing health problems at the earliest possible time. Interventions include screening, case-finding, disease surveillance, prompt and appropriate treatment
Primary prevention
Secondary prevention
Tertiary prevention
Secondary prevention
limits disability progression. The nurse attempts to reduce the magnitude or severity of the residual effects of both infectious diseases and non-communicable ones. Day care centers and sheltered workshops are examples of pportunities to achieve the objective of tertiary prevention in mental illness and drug abuse
Primary prevention
Secondary prevention
Tertiary prevention
Tertiary prevention
concerned with disease distribution and frequency
descriptive epidemiology
Aspects Involved in descriptive Epidemiology:
- Observation and Recording of Existing Patterns of Occurrence of Disease
- Condition.
presumptive identification of unrecognized diseases or defects through the application of diagnostic test or laboratory examinations and clinical assessment.
Screening
