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Question 1

Acronym for Top 10 Cancers?

Answer 1

Big Lions Can Pounce On Pretty Small Little Cats Boldly

(Breast, Lung, Colon, Prostate, Ovary, Pancreas, Stomach, Liver, Cervix, Bladder)

Question 2

Key biomarkers for colon cancer?

Answer 2

CEA (blood/IHC), KRAS, BRAF (genetics), MSI (IHC/genetics), CDX2 (IHC), CA19-9 (less common).

Question 3

Main stains and diagnostic samples for colon cancer?

Answer 3

H&E (structure), PAS (mucin in goblet cells), endoscopic biopsy.

Question 4

Why is MSI important in colon cancer?

Answer 4

Microsatellite instability predicts response to immunotherapy and may indicate Lynch syndrome (hereditary risk).

Question 5

What is CEA and why is it important in colon cancer?

Answer 5

Carcinoembryonic antigen; used for diagnosis, monitoring, and recurrence detection.

Question 6

Key biomarkers for liver cancer?

Answer 6

AFP (blood), Glypican-3 (IHC), HepPar-1 (IHC).

Question 7

Main stains and diagnostic samples for liver cancer?

Answer 7

H&E (structure), Reticulin (framework), needle core biopsy, blood for AFP.

Question 8

What does reticulin stain show in liver cancer?

Answer 8

Reticulin framework outlines hepatic plates; loss/disruption suggests malignancy.

Question 9

Main risk factors for liver cancer?

Answer 9

Chronic hepatitis B/C, alcohol, cirrhosis.

Question 10

Key biomarkers for lung cancer?

Answer 10

EGFR, ALK, KRAS (genetics), PD-L1 (IHC), TTF-1, Napsin A (IHC), CEA (blood).

Question 11

Main stains and diagnostic samples for lung cancer?

Answer 11

H&E (structure), EVG (elastic fibers), biopsy (bronchoscopy/CT-guided), cytology (sputum, bronchial wash).

Question 12

What is the clinical importance of EGFR/ALK in lung cancer?

Answer 12

Mutations guide targeted therapy (tyrosine kinase inhibitors).

Question 13

Main risk factor for lung cancer?

Answer 13

Smoking.

Question 14

Key biomarkers for stomach cancer?

Answer 14

HER2 (IHC), CEA (blood/IHC), CK7, CK20 (IHC), CA72-4 (blood), E-cadherin (IHC).

Question 15

Main stains and diagnostic samples for stomach cancer?

Answer 15

H&E (structure), Masson’s Trichrome (collagen/fibrosis), endoscopic biopsy.

Question 16

Which biomarker is shared by breast and stomach cancer?

Answer 16

HER2 (guides trastuzumab therapy).

Question 17

What does Masson’s Trichrome highlight in stomach cancer?

Answer 17

Collagen in submucosa (blue/green), muscle (red).

Question 18

Key IHC biomarkers for breast cancer?

Answer 18

ER, PR, HER2, Ki-67, CEA.

Question 19

Main diagnostic sample for breast cancer?

Answer 19

Core needle biopsy for histology and IHC.

Question 20

Clinical significance of ER, PR, HER2?

Answer 20

ER/PR positive: hormone therapy; HER2 positive: targeted therapy (trastuzumab).

Question 21

Key biomarkers for prostate cancer?

Answer 21

PSA (blood/IHC), PAP, AMACR, NKX3.1 (IHC).

Question 22

Main diagnostic sample for prostate cancer?

Answer 22

Transrectal needle biopsy.

Question 23

Key IHC and molecular markers for cervical cancer?

Answer 23

HPV DNA (molecular), p16 (IHC), Ki-67 (IHC).

Question 24

Main diagnostic test for cervical cancer?

Answer 24

Pap smear (cytology) and biopsy for histology/IHC.

Question 25

Main risk factor for cervical cancer?

Answer 25

Persistent infection with high-risk HPV types.

Question 26

Which cancers use HER2 as a biomarker for targeted therapy?

Answer 26

Breast and stomach (gastric) cancer.

Question 27

CEA is a marker for which cancers?

Answer 27

Colon, breast, lung, pancreas, stomach.

Question 28

What is immunohistochemistry (IHC) and why is it important?

Answer 28

Technique using antibodies to detect proteins in tissue; essential for cancer diagnosis, classification, and therapy selection.

Question 29

What is the difference between histochemistry and immunohistochemistry?

Answer 29

Histochemistry: chemical stains (e.g., H&E, PAS); IHC: antibodies to detect proteins (e.g., HER2, p16).

Question 30

Why use both H&E and IHC in cancer diagnosis?

Answer 30

H&E shows tissue structure; IHC identifies specific cancer types and guides targeted therapy.

Question 31

What are the most common sample types for cancer diagnosis?

Answer 31

Tissue biopsy, cytology (cells), blood for biomarkers.

Question 32

What is vimentin and what does positivity indicate?

Answer 32

Marker for mesenchymal cells (stroma, sarcomas, EMT); positive in stroma and tumors with mesenchymal differentiation.

Question 33

What does E-cadherin loss indicate in GI cancers?

Answer 33

Suggests epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), linked to invasion and metastasis.

Question 34

Why is EMT important for cancer prognosis?

Answer 34

EMT is linked to metastasis, therapy resistance, and poor prognosis.

Question 35

How can IHC help guide therapy in GI/liver/lung/stomach cancers?

Answer 35

Identifies targetable markers (e.g., HER2, EGFR, PD-L1), distinguishes tumor type, predicts behavior (e.g., EMT markers).