newz Flashcards
(71 cards)
1
Q
Christian Thompsen (1788-1865)
- What did he organise?
A
- Organised Denmarks national antiquities collection
2
Q
What is Christian Thomsen’s Three-Age system?
A
- Stone age
- Bronze age
- Iron age
3
Q
Excavations by Worsae, 1861
- What was the three age system demonstrated by?
A
- Three Age system demonstrated by stratigraphy
4
Q
What was Christian Thompsens system refined as?
A
- Thompsens system was refined as a relative chronology
5
Q
Stone-age tools & extinct animals found in Europe
- What extinct animals were found with stone hand-axes? Where?
A
In 1840s, stone hand-axes found with extinct animal bones - elephant, rhinoceros - In the Somme river gravel quarries
6
Q
1860s prehistoric flint tools
- Where were they excavated?
- What engravings of extinct animals were found?
A
- Excavated from French rock shelters
- along with engravings of extinct animals (extinct mammoth on mammoth tusk)
7
Q
Where was the Neandertal cranium uncovered? When?
A
- In a cave, Neander Valley 1856
8
Q
John Lubbock
- What did he build on?
- What did he add?
A
- Built on Three-Age system
- Added Paleolithic & Neolithic Ages
9
Q
Earlier archaeology in the Old World Middle East cont’d
What is the earliest literate society in the world?
- What did this reveal?
A
- Sumerians (6500 years ago)
- Revealing unknowen civilizations earlier than the biblical & classical records - & old world prehistories
10
Q
New World (American archaeology) & the discovery of local prehistory
- Abandoned mound structures & mesoAmerican civilizations popularly identified with what?
A
- ‘lost tribes’ or other Old World peoples
11
Q
Moundbuilder myth
- Assumed that monumental mound construction was beyond what?
- What did Moundbuilders identify as?
A
- Assumed that monumental mound construction was beyond native American capabilities
- Moundbuilders identified as a vanished race or lost tribe(s)
12
Q
Diffusionism
- Built on a popular assumption that certain what?
A
- Certain ideas or cultural materials had been transferred across space
13
Q
John L Stephens
- What did he propose?
A
- Proposed that Mesoamerican monuments were constructed by progenitors of the present inhabitants, rather than ‘lost’ Old World peoples
14
Q
Tylor & Morgan
- What did Edward Tylor study?
A
- Studied the peoples & monuments identified by Stephens & Catherwood
15
Q
What did Tylor & Morgan use archaeology & ethnography to argue?
- What are the 4 parts to progression?
A
- Tylor & Morgan used archaeology & ethnography to argue for a grand scheme of unilineal progressive development (Social Darwinism) emphasizing unity of mankind
1) Savagery
2) Barbarism
3) Civilization
4) Monumental constructions
16
Q
Flinders Petrie was responsible for the development of what highly influential technique of?
A
- Sequence dating or seriation (relative dating)
17
Q
Flinders Petrie developed ‘sequence dating’ based on what?
A
- Based on ‘evolutionary’ design changes
18
Q
With Flinders Petrie method, how could artefacts from historical contexts of calendar record found elsewhere be dated?
A
- Dated comparatively, & absolutely
19
Q
What was the Bronze age date of the Bronze age pottery excavated by Petrie in Egypt?
A
- 3500 BP
20
Q
- Early 20th century general anthropology characterised by a reaction against what?
- Strong interest in what?
A
- Characterised by a reaction against Unilineal evolution
- Strong interest in patterns and history of local/regional cultures
21
Q
Earlier 20th century North American archaeology
- Direct historical approach recognising what?
- Facilitated by what?
A
- associations with contemporary descendant populations
- Facilitated by preservation of southwestern archaeological structures
22
Q
Rhodesian state (now Zimbabwe)
- Proposed contsruction of great zimbabwe by more or less civilised northern visitors?
- Give example
- a plank of what?
A
- More civilised visitors
- Queen of Sheba myth
- A plank of white minority Rhodesian government
23
Q
Nazi archaeology - grounding narrative
- Prehistoric ‘research’ promoted myth of?
A
- Myth of Aryan supremacy & Germanic diffusion of civilization in Europe
24
Q
V. Gordon Childe (n.b. a Marxist culture history approach at the oppisite end of the political spectrum from Nazi archaeology)
→ Dawn of European Civilization established what?
→ What is the material equivalent of cultures or named folk?
A
→ Established the
- Cultural
- Spatial
- Chronological framework
of European prehistory
→ Artefact assemblages
25
Neolithic 'Forest culture' of northern Europe
→ the 'Beaker Folk'
- What is the beaker culture
- Childe believed Beaker culture had distributed what?
- Beaker culture is bell-beaker pottery style
| - Childe believed Beaker culture had distributed 'Oriental' culture traits throughout Europe
26
Childe correlated European and Near Eastern cultural sequences in a modified diffusionism that:
- Allowed for some?
- Attributed?
- Allowed local development
| - Attributed 'major cultural changes to Near Eastern influences
27
Childe - Development of civilisation
- What was he influenced by?
- What did he propose to explain the rise of farming & cities?
- Influence by marxism & the recent Russian revolution
| - Neolithic (farming) & Urban revolutions
28
Archaeology & the post-war scientific revolution
- What is no longer required?
- Classification/seriation no longer required for chronology building (bc of radiocarbon dating)
29
Archaeology & the post-war scientific revolution
- What did the Radiocarbon support?
- Supported shift towards scientific analysis & explanation that anticipated 'new' archaeology of the 1960s
30
Processual archaeology
- 1960s development in USA led by who?
- First promoted as?
- Built on new developments & interest in?
- Lewis Binford
- 'New Archaeology'
- Interest in scientific archaeology
31
Method of scientific research design
- Formulation & test of?
- Assumption - What can be tested & explained (by the scientific method?)
- Hypothesis
| - Cultural process & change are predictable
32
Scientific research design
- Theory & focus on?
- generalised explanations (laws) of what?
- Culture as?
- Cultural process rather than culture history
- Change
- Culture as systems
33
Examples of Scientific research design
- What was tested against the archaeological record sos as to explain the past?
- Give example
- Behaviour of living hunter-gatherers
| - eg hunting sites of the Nunamiut Eskimo (inland inuit) Alaska
34
What are Nunamiut hunting sites compared to?
- Archaeology of Arctic hunter-gatherers
35
Interpretive archaeology
- Influenced by critiques of the?
- Authority of science & postmodern thinking
36
Common themes in the critical 'post' movements
- What is not possible?
- What is constructed from, and for, the present?
- What is political?
- Interpretive archaeology is sometimes referred to as?
- Absolute objectivity is not possible
- The past is constructed from, and for, the present
- Science is political
- 'post-processual' archaeology
- 'post-processualism'
37
'post' movements Method/approaches
- Deconstruction of?
- Assumptions of?
- What is interpreted?
- Deconstruction of rigid cultural definitions and law-like explanations
- Assumption of free agency, with allowance for the unique, historical
- The past is interpreted (rather than discovered)
38
'post' movements Theory & focus
- Recognition of?
- Recognition of a diversity of archaeologies (plural) and voices (multivocality)
39
Political commentary & even activism
- What type of archaeologists
- Give example
- What type of approach
- Neo-Marxist archaeologists
- Feminist archaeology
Ian Hodder at catalhoyuk
- 9000yr old Neolithic settlement, Turkey
- A flexible approach to stratigraphic interpretation at the trowels edge
40
Von Haast, influenced by European debates, speculated about relationship of people to extinct moa
- Early what?
- Later what?
- Early Paleolithic Moa-hunters
| - Later Neolithic Polynesian Maori
41
Were Von Haasts interpretations correct?
- no
42
Culture History Archaeology beginnings
- Primarily based on what?
- Who were the first settlers? describe them
- What was the later settlement? describe them
- Primarily based on a selective/uncritical interpretation of whakapapa, tradition & archaeology
- Maruiwi, peaceful, darkskinned, non-horticultural Western Pacific people
- Lighter skinned, warlike horticultural Eastern Polynesians of the Great Fleet, 1350 AD
43
Maruiwi
- What did they become? Where?
- Moriori of the Chatam Islands
44
- What did the Great Fleet settlers become? What were they characterised by?
- Whats this narrative called?
- Great Fleet settlers became Maori iwi, characterised by conflict and the building of pa
- Later researchers have called this narrative the 'Great New Zealand Myth'
45
Moa-hunters, later maori & Moriori were what in origin?
- Eastern Polynesian
46
- Excavations at Wairau Bar were rich in what artefacts?
| - Reinforced?
- East Polynesian artefact types
- Reinforced East Polynesian material culture and origins of earliest New Zealanders against the Western pacific 'Moriori' myth
47
Duff still followed non-racial components of the GNZM as he argued for two E. Polynesian migrations
- What was South Island based?
- North Island landings?
- 'Moa-hunter' (South Island based)
| - Great Fleet (North Island Landings) with introduced crops & warfare - Classic Maori period
48
What did Duff believe about the moa?
- Believed that moa were dying out naturally when people arrived
49
Culture history meets prehistory
- What did the 'Moa-hunter' period become?
What is the classic Maori Phase now seen as?
- 'Moa-hunter' period became Archaic cultural phase
| - Classic Maori Phase now seen as an internal development within a NZ East Polynesian sequence
50
Culture history meets prehistory
- When was crop production potentially present?
- Present from the beginning rather than a later (Great Fleet) arrival
51
Processual Archaeology NZ
- What is new Zealand archaeology in the forefront of research on
- Research on the impact of colonizing populations on islands
52
Environmental & ecological impacts (from late-1960s
- What does Critical post-1980s reviews of radiocarbon evidence indicate?
- Indicates that NZ (and other E Polynesian) colonization was recent (about 13th century AD)
53
New radiocarbon chronology highlighted rapid extinction of K-selected moa through?
- Hunting
| - Egg collection
54
What is a factor in some bird extinctions?
deforestation
55
- What identified post-1500 country-wide spread of Classic Maori pa?
- What is it associated with?
- New radiocarbon chronology
| - Associated with population growth and resource protection (process archaeology)
56
Archaeological research on Moriori of Chatham
- Did the settle NZ?
- Adapted to absence of?
- Development of what unique cultural tradition?
- yes
- Adaption to the absence of crop cultivation
- Carvings on kopi trees
57
Monumental architecture
- Widespread indicator of?
- Fundamental plank of?
- Association still holds in the interpretation of?
- Social complexity
- Unilineal evolution
- The past
58
Monumental construction
- can include?
- Can include earthworks and built stone structures
59
Semantic architecture
- What type of structure?
- Give example
- What may also have symbolic meaning?
- Non-domestic built structure with symbolic meaning
- eg temples, ritual centres
- Some large residential structures
60
Semantic architecture
- Give example
Examples: North American mound construction
61
Semantic architecture
- What is Poverty Point site?
- Huge earthwork complex towards the end of the Archaic
62
Gobekli Tepe, southeast Turkey
- Lacking?
- Lacking residential (village) evidence
63
late Neolithic constructions of:
Stonehenge - what?
- Silbury Hill - what>
- What do these suggest?
- Circular bank
- mound of chalk & clay
- Suggest social complexity beyond segmentary society (ie stratified chiefdom)
64
Explanation for European megaliths
- What do monumental tombs represent a tangible link to?
- Ancestors, reinforcing continuity of ancestral land ownership
65
Explanation for European megaliths
- major public monuments as?
- Ritual meeting places, reinforcing political and social order
66
Explanation for European megaliths
Burial structures and public monuments
- symbols of?
- continuity of life - interpretive archaeology approach
67
Rapa Nui (Easter Island)
- Stone enclosures or foundations associated with what?
- Sacred meeting places (marae) or temples
68
On Rapa Nui
- What was in decline?
- What was moderate?
- Some large what?
- What was re-used over many centuries?
- Built to be seen and interact with?
- Palm forest
- Social stratification
- Some large ahu support moai
- Ahu
- Ahu architecture
69
Explanations of moai
- What type of power?
- Fertility, associated with?
- Hereditary power
| - Sweet potato production
70
What did Rapa Nui people develop?
- Innovative agricultural stratigies & chicken husbandry
71
- Is the association of architecture and a progressive stage of 'civilization' (unilineal Evolution) flawed?
- Is there evidence for the early global diffusion of monumental construction?
- Yes
| - No
