Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ANTHROPOLOGY LATZ > newz > Flashcards

newz Flashcards

1
Q

Christian Thompsen (1788-1865)

  • What did he organise?
A
  • Organised Denmarks national antiquities collection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is Christian Thomsen’s Three-Age system?

A
  • Stone age
  • Bronze age
  • Iron age
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Excavations by Worsae, 1861

  • What was the three age system demonstrated by?
A
  • Three Age system demonstrated by stratigraphy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What was Christian Thompsens system refined as?

A
  • Thompsens system was refined as a relative chronology
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Stone-age tools & extinct animals found in Europe

  • What extinct animals were found with stone hand-axes? Where?
A

In 1840s, stone hand-axes found with extinct animal bones - elephant, rhinoceros - In the Somme river gravel quarries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

1860s prehistoric flint tools

  • Where were they excavated?
  • What engravings of extinct animals were found?
A
  • Excavated from French rock shelters

- along with engravings of extinct animals (extinct mammoth on mammoth tusk)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where was the Neandertal cranium uncovered? When?

A
  • In a cave, Neander Valley 1856
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

John Lubbock

  • What did he build on?
  • What did he add?
A
  • Built on Three-Age system

- Added Paleolithic & Neolithic Ages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Earlier archaeology in the Old World Middle East cont’d
What is the earliest literate society in the world?

  • What did this reveal?
A
  • Sumerians (6500 years ago)

- Revealing unknowen civilizations earlier than the biblical & classical records - & old world prehistories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

New World (American archaeology) & the discovery of local prehistory

  • Abandoned mound structures & mesoAmerican civilizations popularly identified with what?
A
  • ‘lost tribes’ or other Old World peoples
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Moundbuilder myth

  • Assumed that monumental mound construction was beyond what?
  • What did Moundbuilders identify as?
A
  • Assumed that monumental mound construction was beyond native American capabilities
  • Moundbuilders identified as a vanished race or lost tribe(s)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Diffusionism

  • Built on a popular assumption that certain what?
A
  • Certain ideas or cultural materials had been transferred across space
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

John L Stephens

  • What did he propose?
A
  • Proposed that Mesoamerican monuments were constructed by progenitors of the present inhabitants, rather than ‘lost’ Old World peoples
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Tylor & Morgan

  • What did Edward Tylor study?
A
  • Studied the peoples & monuments identified by Stephens & Catherwood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What did Tylor & Morgan use archaeology & ethnography to argue?

  • What are the 4 parts to progression?
A
  • Tylor & Morgan used archaeology & ethnography to argue for a grand scheme of unilineal progressive development (Social Darwinism) emphasizing unity of mankind

1) Savagery
2) Barbarism
3) Civilization
4) Monumental constructions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Flinders Petrie was responsible for the development of what highly influential technique of?

A
  • Sequence dating or seriation (relative dating)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Flinders Petrie developed ‘sequence dating’ based on what?

A
  • Based on ‘evolutionary’ design changes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

With Flinders Petrie method, how could artefacts from historical contexts of calendar record found elsewhere be dated?

A
  • Dated comparatively, & absolutely
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What was the Bronze age date of the Bronze age pottery excavated by Petrie in Egypt?

A
  • 3500 BP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q
  • Early 20th century general anthropology characterised by a reaction against what?
  • Strong interest in what?
A
  • Characterised by a reaction against Unilineal evolution

- Strong interest in patterns and history of local/regional cultures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Earlier 20th century North American archaeology

  • Direct historical approach recognising what?
  • Facilitated by what?
A
  • associations with contemporary descendant populations

- Facilitated by preservation of southwestern archaeological structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Rhodesian state (now Zimbabwe)

  • Proposed contsruction of great zimbabwe by more or less civilised northern visitors?
  • Give example
    • a plank of what?
A
  • More civilised visitors
  • Queen of Sheba myth
    • A plank of white minority Rhodesian government
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Nazi archaeology - grounding narrative

  • Prehistoric ‘research’ promoted myth of?
A
  • Myth of Aryan supremacy & Germanic diffusion of civilization in Europe
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

V. Gordon Childe (n.b. a Marxist culture history approach at the oppisite end of the political spectrum from Nazi archaeology)

→ Dawn of European Civilization established what?

→ What is the material equivalent of cultures or named folk?

A 
→ Established the 
    - Cultural
    - Spatial
    - Chronological framework
of European prehistory

→ Artefact assemblages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Neolithic ‘Forest culture’ of northern Europe

→ the ‘Beaker Folk’

  • What is the beaker culture
  • Childe believed Beaker culture had distributed what?
A
  • Beaker culture is bell-beaker pottery style

- Childe believed Beaker culture had distributed ‘Oriental’ culture traits throughout Europe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Childe correlated European and Near Eastern cultural sequences in a modified diffusionism that:

  • Allowed for some?
  • Attributed?
A
  • Allowed local development

- Attributed ‘major cultural changes to Near Eastern influences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Childe - Development of civilisation

  • What was he influenced by?
  • What did he propose to explain the rise of farming & cities?
A
  • Influence by marxism & the recent Russian revolution

- Neolithic (farming) & Urban revolutions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Archaeology & the post-war scientific revolution

  • What is no longer required?
A
  • Classification/seriation no longer required for chronology building (bc of radiocarbon dating)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Archaeology & the post-war scientific revolution

  • What did the Radiocarbon support?
A
  • Supported shift towards scientific analysis & explanation that anticipated ‘new’ archaeology of the 1960s
30
Q

Processual archaeology

  • 1960s development in USA led by who?
  • First promoted as?
  • Built on new developments & interest in?
A
  • Lewis Binford
  • ‘New Archaeology’
  • Interest in scientific archaeology
31
Q

Method of scientific research design

  • Formulation & test of?
  • Assumption - What can be tested & explained (by the scientific method?)
A
  • Hypothesis

- Cultural process & change are predictable

32
Q

Scientific research design

  • Theory & focus on?
  • generalised explanations (laws) of what?
  • Culture as?
A
  • Cultural process rather than culture history
  • Change
  • Culture as systems
33
Q

Examples of Scientific research design

  • What was tested against the archaeological record sos as to explain the past?
  • Give example
A
  • Behaviour of living hunter-gatherers

- eg hunting sites of the Nunamiut Eskimo (inland inuit) Alaska

34
Q

What are Nunamiut hunting sites compared to?

A
  • Archaeology of Arctic hunter-gatherers
35
Q

Interpretive archaeology

  • Influenced by critiques of the?
A
  • Authority of science & postmodern thinking
36
Q

Common themes in the critical ‘post’ movements

  • What is not possible?
  • What is constructed from, and for, the present?
  • What is political?
  • Interpretive archaeology is sometimes referred to as?
A
  • Absolute objectivity is not possible
  • The past is constructed from, and for, the present
  • Science is political
  • ‘post-processual’ archaeology
  • ‘post-processualism’
37
Q

‘post’ movements Method/approaches

  • Deconstruction of?
  • Assumptions of?
  • What is interpreted?
A
  • Deconstruction of rigid cultural definitions and law-like explanations
  • Assumption of free agency, with allowance for the unique, historical
  • The past is interpreted (rather than discovered)
38
Q

‘post’ movements Theory & focus

  • Recognition of?
A
  • Recognition of a diversity of archaeologies (plural) and voices (multivocality)
39
Q

Political commentary & even activism

  • What type of archaeologists
  • Give example
  • What type of approach
A
  • Neo-Marxist archaeologists
  • Feminist archaeology

Ian Hodder at catalhoyuk

  • 9000yr old Neolithic settlement, Turkey
  • A flexible approach to stratigraphic interpretation at the trowels edge
40
Q

Von Haast, influenced by European debates, speculated about relationship of people to extinct moa

  • Early what?
  • Later what?
A
  • Early Paleolithic Moa-hunters

- Later Neolithic Polynesian Maori

41
Q

Were Von Haasts interpretations correct?

A
  • no
42
Q

Culture History Archaeology beginnings

  • Primarily based on what?
  • Who were the first settlers? describe them
  • What was the later settlement? describe them
A
  • Primarily based on a selective/uncritical interpretation of whakapapa, tradition & archaeology
  • Maruiwi, peaceful, darkskinned, non-horticultural Western Pacific people
  • Lighter skinned, warlike horticultural Eastern Polynesians of the Great Fleet, 1350 AD
43
Q

Maruiwi

  • What did they become? Where?
A
  • Moriori of the Chatam Islands
44
Q
  • What did the Great Fleet settlers become? What were they characterised by?
  • Whats this narrative called?
A
  • Great Fleet settlers became Maori iwi, characterised by conflict and the building of pa
  • Later researchers have called this narrative the ‘Great New Zealand Myth’
45
Q

Moa-hunters, later maori & Moriori were what in origin?

A
  • Eastern Polynesian
46
Q
  • Excavations at Wairau Bar were rich in what artefacts?

- Reinforced?

A
  • East Polynesian artefact types
  • Reinforced East Polynesian material culture and origins of earliest New Zealanders against the Western pacific ‘Moriori’ myth
47
Q

Duff still followed non-racial components of the GNZM as he argued for two E. Polynesian migrations

  • What was South Island based?
  • North Island landings?
A
  • ‘Moa-hunter’ (South Island based)

- Great Fleet (North Island Landings) with introduced crops & warfare - Classic Maori period

48
Q

What did Duff believe about the moa?

A
  • Believed that moa were dying out naturally when people arrived
49
Q

Culture history meets prehistory

  • What did the ‘Moa-hunter’ period become?

What is the classic Maori Phase now seen as?

A
  • ‘Moa-hunter’ period became Archaic cultural phase

- Classic Maori Phase now seen as an internal development within a NZ East Polynesian sequence

50
Q

Culture history meets prehistory

  • When was crop production potentially present?
A
  • Present from the beginning rather than a later (Great Fleet) arrival
51
Q

Processual Archaeology NZ

  • What is new Zealand archaeology in the forefront of research on
A
  • Research on the impact of colonizing populations on islands
52
Q

Environmental & ecological impacts (from late-1960s

  • What does Critical post-1980s reviews of radiocarbon evidence indicate?
A
  • Indicates that NZ (and other E Polynesian) colonization was recent (about 13th century AD)
53
Q

New radiocarbon chronology highlighted rapid extinction of K-selected moa through?

A
  • Hunting

- Egg collection

54
Q

What is a factor in some bird extinctions?

A

deforestation

55
Q
  • What identified post-1500 country-wide spread of Classic Maori pa?
  • What is it associated with?
A
  • New radiocarbon chronology

- Associated with population growth and resource protection (process archaeology)

56
Q

Archaeological research on Moriori of Chatham

  • Did the settle NZ?
  • Adapted to absence of?
  • Development of what unique cultural tradition?
A
  • yes
  • Adaption to the absence of crop cultivation
  • Carvings on kopi trees
57
Q

Monumental architecture

  • Widespread indicator of?
  • Fundamental plank of?
  • Association still holds in the interpretation of?
A
  • Social complexity
  • Unilineal evolution
  • The past
58
Q

Monumental construction

  • can include?
A
  • Can include earthworks and built stone structures
59
Q

Semantic architecture

  • What type of structure?
    • Give example
  • What may also have symbolic meaning?
A
  • Non-domestic built structure with symbolic meaning
    • eg temples, ritual centres
  • Some large residential structures
60
Q

Semantic architecture

  • Give example
A

Examples: North American mound construction

61
Q

Semantic architecture

  • What is Poverty Point site?
A
  • Huge earthwork complex towards the end of the Archaic
62
Q

Gobekli Tepe, southeast Turkey

  • Lacking?
A
  • Lacking residential (village) evidence
63
Q

late Neolithic constructions of:

Stonehenge - what?

  • Silbury Hill - what>
  • What do these suggest?
A
  • Circular bank
  • mound of chalk & clay
  • Suggest social complexity beyond segmentary society (ie stratified chiefdom)
64
Q

Explanation for European megaliths

  • What do monumental tombs represent a tangible link to?
A
  • Ancestors, reinforcing continuity of ancestral land ownership
65
Q

Explanation for European megaliths

  • major public monuments as?
A
  • Ritual meeting places, reinforcing political and social order
66
Q

Explanation for European megaliths

Burial structures and public monuments
- symbols of?

A
  • continuity of life - interpretive archaeology approach
67
Q

Rapa Nui (Easter Island)

  • Stone enclosures or foundations associated with what?
A
  • Sacred meeting places (marae) or temples
68
Q

On Rapa Nui

  • What was in decline?
  • What was moderate?
  • Some large what?
  • What was re-used over many centuries?
  • Built to be seen and interact with?
A
  • Palm forest
  • Social stratification
  • Some large ahu support moai
  • Ahu
  • Ahu architecture
69
Q

Explanations of moai

  • What type of power?
  • Fertility, associated with?
A
  • Hereditary power

- Sweet potato production

70
Q

What did Rapa Nui people develop?

A
  • Innovative agricultural stratigies & chicken husbandry
71
Q
  • Is the association of architecture and a progressive stage of ‘civilization’ (unilineal Evolution) flawed?
  • Is there evidence for the early global diffusion of monumental construction?
A
  • Yes

- No

ANTHROPOLOGY LATZ (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions