Nextstep 1 Psych

Question 1

The bystander effect refers to?

Answer 1

A phenomenon where people stand by during a situation where someone else is at risk.

Question 2

Weber’s law asserts that?

Answer 2

Perceptible differences are proportional to the initial perception.

Important psychological law quantifying the perception of change of a given stimulus. The law states that the change in a stimulus that will be just noticeable is a constant ratio of the original stimulus.

Question 3

Which reinforcement tends to produce the highest response rate?

Answer 3

The variable-ratio of reinforcement schedules tend to produce the highest response rates that are the most resistant to extinction.

Question 4

Risk ratios data of disease are?

Answer 4

Risk ratios are used to compare the risk of a disorder among one group with the risk among another group.

Question 5

In immersion-emersion stage of the Cross Nigrescence Model African-Americans would think what?

Answer 5

Someone in this stage would view the majority Caucasian culture with resentment and distrust and prefer to be treated by someone of his or her own race.

Question 6

Eustress refers to?

Answer 6

Positive type of stress that happens when you perceive a situation as challenging, but motivating. It is usually enjoyable.

Question 7

What is a mediating variable?

Answer 7

A mediating variable is one which explains the relationship between two other variables.

Question 8

Vertical mobility refers to?

Answer 8

The movement from one social level to to a higher or lower one by either changing jobs or marrying.

Question 9

The definition of distress is?

Answer 9

A type of stress that builds over time and is bad for your body.

Question 10

Ethnocentrism refers to?

Answer 10

The tendency to view one’s own group and its cultural expectations and norms as right, proper, and superior to others.

Question 11

Social loafing refers to?

Answer 11

It happens when one person in a group doesn’t take on their share of the responsibility. This is common in group projects.

Question 12

In 1951, Solomon Asch?

Answer 12

Conducted an experiment investigating the extend to which social pressures from a majority group could influence a person to conform. Asch used confederates who were instructed to give clearly incorrect answers regarding the lengths of various lines. The confederates never provided an explanation for their choices to the group. The minority juror was given the chance to convince the rest of the group using reasoning.

Question 13

The difference between a moderator and a mediator variable?

Answer 13

A moderator variable is one that influences the strength of a relationship between two other variables.

A mediator variable is one that explains the relationship between the other two variables.

Question 14

A schemata is?

Answer 14

Schemata are networks of information that allow certain kinds of information to be transmitted more easily.

Question 15

How the frontal lobe, hypothalamus, and limbic system contribute to depression?

Answer 15

The frontal lobe is involved in humans’ ability to project future consequences of current actions.

The limbic system structures regulate emotion and memory.

The hypothalamus coordinates many hormones, some of which are involved in mood regulation.

Question 16

The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion states that?

Answer 16

Physiological and cognitive aspects of emotion occur simultaneously and independently.

Question 17

What does the social constructionism refers to?

Answer 17

Social constructionism asserts that people develop understandings and knowledge of the world through interactions with other people, and that the mediating force in this interaction is language. So, ideas about race, gender, and so on are socially constructed and transmitted every day through countless language-based interactions between members of a society.

Question 18

Attrition bias occurs when?

Answer 18

Participants drop out of a long-term experiment or study.

Question 19

Construct validity refers to?

Answer 19

The manner in which the terms of the study are defined.

Question 20

Reconstructive bias refers to?

Answer 20

A bias of memory specially when remembering times where stress was high.

Question 21

In internalization of the Cross Nigrescence Model, African-Americans would think what?

Answer 21

This individuals would had integrated aspects of his own culture with that of the majority culture and is working to rectify past racial injustices.

Question 22

The James-Lange theory of emotion refers to?

Answer 22

States that the behavioral and physiological aspects of emotion lead to cognitive aspects of emotion.

Increased heart rate and shouting leads to the understanding that the situation is scary and feeling afraid.

Question 23

A change in behavior such as in questions and speaking is?

It differs from prejudice and stereotyping in what ways?

Answer 23

Discrimination

Prejudice is an attitude, not a behavior. Stereotyping is a cognitive action, not a behavior.

Question 24

Randomization refers to?

Answer 24

The sample of participants was selected so that everyone in the population had an equal chance of being selected.

Question 25

Groupthink refers to?

Answer 25

A homogeneous group that is so concerned with maintaining unanimity that they fail to evaluate all options.

Question 26

Neustress refers to?

Answer 26

Neustress is a neutral type of stress. It happens when you are exposed to something stressful, but your body doesn’t perceive that stress as good or bad.

Like news about a natural disaster.

Question 27

Yerkes-Dodson Law states that?

Answer 27

People tend to perform at their best when they are moderately emotionally stimulated.

Question 28

Symbolic interactionism refers to?

Answer 28

The view that an individual’s experiences influence his or her perceptions.

Question 29

Episodic memory refers to?

Semantic memory refers to?

Answer 29

A type of memory related to personal experiences.

Semantic memory refers to memory of related to facts and information.

Question 30

Difference between approach-avoidance and double approach-avoidance.

Answer 30

In the approach-avoidance is a goal that has qualities that make the individual want to approach it and others that make it want to avoid it. The man that wishes to propose to his girlfriend.

The double approach-avoidance the individual is having to choose between two or more goals. This is more common in life. Guilty person or not guilty.

Question 31

In pre-encounter of the Cross Nigrescence Model African-Americans would think what?

Answer 31

African Americans would tend to view the majority Caucasian cultures as more desirable and would view a doctor of this race as being more skilled.

Question 32

Group polarization means?

Answer 32

The tendency to adopt extreme views when in a group.

Question 33

Criterion validity refers to?

Answer 33

Refers to whether the variable is able to predict a certain outcome.

Question 34

Absolute mobility refers to?

Answer 34

Absolute mobility compares your income to you parents income.

Question 35

Drive-reduction theories suggest that depression?

Answer 35

Stems from a reduction in the motivating forces of arousal. A cognitive theorist would argue that arousal is essential to sustaining most behaviors.

Question 36

External validity refers to?

Answer 36

The generalizability of the research to settings beyond the study.

Question 37

Social facilitation refers to?

Answer 37

The tendency for people to perform better when in the presence of others.

Question 38

Fundamental attribution error?

Answer 38

Occurs when a person assigns to much weight to internal causes rather than external factors when trying to to explain the cause of another person’s behavior.

Question 39

Attribution theory refers to?

Answer 39

The ways in which people attempt to explain various behaviors and events.

Question 40

Internalization versus compliance?

Answer 40

Internalization of a behavior is when a person both publicly and privately conforms to the behavior.

Compliance refers to when an individual publicly conforms, but privately disagrees with the behavior.

Question 41

On Cialdini’s theory of influence, what were the six key principles?

Answer 41

Reciprocity, commitment and consistency, social proof, authority, liking, scarcity.

Question 42

Stigma refers to?

Answer 42

Strong disapproval attached to disobeying the the expected norms of a society.