Nextstep 3 Psych

Question 1

What is refered as groupthink? Whar are three hallmarks of the concept?

Answer 1

Groups affected by groupthink ignore alternatives and tend to take irrational actions that dehumanize other groups. A group is especially vulnerable to groupthink when its members are similar in background, when the group is insulated from outside opinions, and when there are no clear rules for decision making.

illusion of invulnerability, self-censorship, stereotyping, between others

Question 2

Quantitative research refers to?

Answer 2

Quantitative research involves the use of tests or questionnaires to produce numerical scores that can be evaluated statistically.

Question 3

The Weber’s law postulates?

Answer 3

Weber’s law postulates that there is a linear relationship, not a non-linear relationship, between the intensity of a stimulus and its detection.

Question 4

Mind control is a type of?

Answer 4

Mind control is a type of formal control typically attained through torture, murder, imprisonment, and exile.

Question 5

Expectation bias refers to?

Answer 5

Expectation bias is when expectations influence attitudes or behavior.

Question 6

Normative influence refers to?

Answer 6

Normative influence is an influence to conform with the expectations of others to gain social approval.

Question 7

Implicit attitudes are?

Answer 7

Implicit attitudes towards smoking are unconscious attitudes.

Question 8

social reproduction refers to?

Answer 8

Social reproduction describes a phenomenon in which poverty tends to beget poverty, and wealth tends to beget wealth across generations.

Question 9

Exchange-rational theory refers to?

Answer 9

Exchange-rational theory posits that patterns of behavior in societies reflect the choices made by individuals as they try to maximize their benefits and minimize their costs.

Question 10

Formal social control refers to?

Answer 10

Formal social control is establishing or improving conformity to norms by enforcing laws or imposing sanctions.

Question 11

Internal consistency refers to?

Answer 11

Internal consistency refers to how well the items of a test assess the construct of interest. In this context, whatever the researchers used to measure depression, anxiety, etc. could be evaluated on its internal consistency.

Question 12

Motor neurons, sensory neurons, and interneurons are?

Answer 12

You should know that motor neurons carry signals outward, so they are efferent neurons. You should also know that sensory neurons carry signals inward, so they are afferent neurons. Interneurons are neurons that connect afferent and efferent neurons, so they fall into neither of the two categories.

Question 13

People with Wernicke’s aphasia have problems with?

Answer 13

People with Wernicke’s aphasia have difficulty connecting meaning to language

Question 14

Framing refers to?

Answer 14

In the social sciences, framing comprises a set of concepts and theoretical perspectives on how individuals, groups, and societies organize, perceive, and communicate about reality. Framing involves social construction of a social phenomenon - by mass media sources, political or social movements, political leaders, or other actors and organizations. It is an inevitable process of selective influence over the individual’s perception of the meanings attributed to words or phrases

Question 15

Fundamental attribution error refers to?

Answer 15

Fundamental attribution error describes the tendency for individuals to overemphasize internal characteristics, such as personality, in attempting to explain someone’s behavior at the expense of situational factors.

It is about someone else’s behavior.

Question 16

One of the symptoms of Korsakoff syndrome, confabulation refers to?

Answer 16

One of the symptoms of Korsakoff’s syndrome is confabulation – making up memories to fill in gaps and then believing that those memories are true. When asked to recognize sentences, Korsakoff’s patients (at a rate vastly higher than normal) picked incorrect sentences, suggesting they were confabulating the memory of having heard those sentences.

Question 17

Status quo bias refers to?

Answer 17

Status quo bias is the tendency to avoid situations or actions that may produce change, instead preferring to choose action that will keep normalcy, or the status quo.

Question 18

Legitimate power refers to?

Answer 18

Those with legitimate power, such as a president, exert power through the legitimacy of their role. There is no indication that this would lead either group to be more persuaded

Question 19

Fundamental attribution error refers to?

Answer 19

Fundamental attribution error is the tendency for people to overestimate dispositional influences of another person’s behavior (like saying the student is stupid or lazy) while underestimating situational influences (like the actual difficulty of the test).

Question 20

Coercive power refers to?

Answer 20

Those with coercive power exert control through force or its threat. It is likely that both groups would be persuaded by this

Question 21

Free choice reduction of conflict or paradigm refers to?

Answer 21

Free choice reduction of conflict happens when a person has a binary choice which may conflict with their current views or beliefs. Once they make a decision and act, their attitudes can change to be more congruent with their decision

Question 22

Availability heuristic refers to?

Answer 22

The availability heuristic is recalling information that is most readily available.

Question 23

In a meritocracy what would be rewarded?

Answer 23

A meritocracy is a society of people whose progress within the society is based on ability and talent rather than on class privilege or wealth. This requires that everyone be afforded the same opportunities to advance yet only be rewarded based upon individual outcomes due to their individual talents and/or abilities, which can vary between persons.

Question 24

Confirmation bias refers to?

Answer 24

Confirmation bias is the tendency to agree with people who agree with us, or to seek out sources that confirm our thinking rather than challenge it.

Question 25

Automation bias refers to?

Answer 25

Automation bias is the tendency to excessively depend on automated systems, which can lead to erroneous automated information overriding correct decisions.

Question 26

People with Broca aphasia?

Answer 26

People with broca (expressive) aphasia have difficulty producing language

Question 27

Moral hypocrisy refers to?

Answer 27

Moral hypocrisy is a situation in which a person appears to be a moral person but doesn’t actually try to pursue moral behavior.

Question 28

Intergenerational vs intragenerational mobility?

Answer 28

Upward or downward mobility experienced between generations or within a generation, respectively.

Question 29

A scientist investigating the Weber–Fechner law detects a just-noticeable difference for a subject when shifting from a 5 kg to an 8 kg mass. When repeating the trial, how many kilograms must be added to a 15 kg mass to replicate the effect?

Answer 29

The Weber-Fechner law states that the just-noticeable difference between two stimuli is directly proportional to the magnitude of the stimuli. If a 3 kg change creates a just-noticeable difference starting at 5 kg, tripling the initial mass will require triple the difference. Thus, the answer is 9 kg.

Question 30

Wha is the looking-glass self concept?

Answer 30

The looking-glass self is a social psychological concept stating that a person’s self grows out of society’s interpersonal interactions and the perceptions of others. The term refers to people shaping their self-concepts based on their understanding of how others perceive them. If the man feels bias from society and/or police (as mentioned in paragraph 1) the looking-glass self theory states that he will internalize the bias/stigmatization directed towards him

Question 31

Attribution bias refers to?

DO NOT CONFUSE IT WITH ATTRITION BIAS.

Answer 31

In psychology, attributional bias is a cognitive bias that refers to the systematic errors made when people evaluate or try to find reasons for their own and others’ behaviors. People constantly make attributions regarding the cause of behaviors; however, attributions do not always accurately mirror reality. Rather than operating as objective perceivers, people are prone to perceptual errors that lead to biased interpretations of their social world. If police know the welfare schedule and they make harsher judgements based on their perceptions of those on welfare, this would be attributional bias.

Question 32

The strenght of an electrochemical signal is?

Answer 32

The strength of an electrochemical signal of a neuron is always the same (all-or-nothing).

Question 33

Referent power refers to?

Answer 33

According to the bases of power model, an individual with referent power exerts control by appealing to the individual’s desire to belong and tends to appeal to individuals through external factors, such as appearing desirable.

Question 34

Informal social control refers to?

Answer 34

nformal social control happens when individuals and groups try to improve conformity to norms and laws by shaming or pressuring others.

Question 35

Confirmation bias refers to?

Answer 35

Confirmation bias is selectively finding evidence to support views.

Question 36

Explicit attitudes are?

Answer 36

Explicit attitudes are conscious attitudes.

Question 37

Ingratiation refers to?

Answer 37

Ingratiation is an attempt to get someone to like you in order to get them to comply with your requests.

Question 38

Egocentric bias refers to?

Answer 38

Egocentric bias is the tendency to overstress changes between the past and present in order to make oneself appear more worthy or competent than one actually is. According to the results from several conducted studies, individuals are also more likely to favor circumstances that are beneficial to themselves compared to those that favor the people around them.

Question 39

Effort justication refers to?

Answer 39

Effort justification is the state of dissonance that emerges when a person makes an effort to achieve a modest goal. This phenomenon is not relevant to the situation described above.

Question 40

Compliance refers to?

Answer 40

Compliance is a superficial, public change in behavior in response to group pressure.

Question 41

Post-decisional conflict refers to?

Answer 41

Post-decisional conflict is the dissonance associated with behaving in a counter-attitudinal way.

counterattitudinal advocacy — usually, advocating a position that is at variance with his or her attitudes.

Chris strongly believes that “suspects are innocent until proven guilty,” but after a school shooting, he joins a group online in the pursuit of potential suspects. He identifies someone as the “shooter” and disseminates that person’s contact information, which is then covered by national news outlets along with the person’s picture. The next day, police announce that the person identified was in no way involved in the crime. Expressing remorse, what principle of cognitive dissonance will Chris most likely experience?

POST-DECISIONAL CONFLICT

Question 42

An identity moratorium describes?

Answer 42

An identity moratorium describes a person who is in the midst of an identity crisis, considering changing their identity, and is actively seeking alternative identities.

Question 43

Cognitive bias refers to?

Answer 43

Cognitive bias is the tendency to think in certain ways. Cognitive biases often cause deviations from a standard of rationality or good judgment.

Question 44

Self-serving bias refers to?

Answer 44

Self-serving bias is the tendency to attribute good outcomes with internal factors (for example, hard work), and ascribe bad outcomes to external factors (boss not giving a raise).

Question 45

Induced compliance refers to?

Answer 45

Induced compliance happens when a person is persuaded by others to behave in a way that is contrary to their attitudes. Because Chris voluntarily engaged in behavior that was against his beliefs, this is not the best answer

Question 46

In korsakoff syndrome what compund is reduced?

Answer 46

Korsakoff’s syndrome is a neurological disorder that is most often seen in people who have severe prolonged alcoholism, as a result of which they experience severe thiamine deficiency.

Question 47

Informational influence refers to?

Answer 47

Informational influence is an influence to accept information from others as evidence about reality, and can come into play when we are uncertain about information or what might be correct. The Internet users relied on the information from the vigilantes when making a decision to conform with the group and harass the supposed subject.

Question 48

Subjective and projective personality assesments refer to?

Answer 48

In subjective assessments, patients project their own subjective feelings, perceptions, and thoughts onto the assessment stimuli, yielding results that are open for inaccuracy. For example, physicians may reach a different conclusion despite seeing the same patient who says the same thing. Projective personality assessments require the participant to respond, and then their response is assessed for meaning such as the The Rorschach inkblot test.

Question 49

The rational choice theory refers to?

Answer 49

In criminal psychology, the rational choice theory adopts a utilitarian belief that man is a reasoning actor who weighs means and ends, costs and benefits, and makes a rational choice. Rational choice theory is not relevant to the details discussed by the passage.

Question 50

Case studies are typically?

Answer 50

Quantitative research involves the use of tests or questionnaires to produce numerical scores that can be evaluated statistically.

Question 51

Feminist theory refers to?

Answer 51

eminist theory is a branch of feminism that seeks to explain the nature of gender inequality. It examines women’s social roles, experience, interests, and politics in a variety of fields such as education, medicine, and business.

Question 52

Proactive interferance is likely to affect Korsakoff patients in what ways?

Answer 52

Proactive interference refers to the fact that currently existing long-term memories can interfere with the process of forming new long-term memories. This is unlikely to affect patients with Korsakoff’s syndrome, as they are already unable to form new long-term memories.

Question 53

Symbolic interactionism 3 core principles are?

Answer 53

According to symbolic interactionsim, there are 3 core principles to communication: meaning, language and thought. These core principles lead to conclusions about the creation of a person’s self and socialization into a larger community. Meaning states that humans act toward people and things according to the meanings that give to those people or things. Symbolic interactionism holds the principal of meaning to be the central aspect of human behavior. Language gives humans a means by which to negotiate meaning through symbols. Humans identify meaning in speech acts with others. Thought modifies each individual’s interpretation of symbols. Thought is a mental conversation that requires different points of view.

Question 54

Qualitative research refers to?

Answer 54

Qualitative research is used to gather in-depth information about a specific research question, and often involves the use of focus groups or other small samples to better understand phenomena.

Question 55

Social loafing refers to?

Answer 55

Social loafing is a phenomenon in groups in which group members don’t pull their weight (often an issue in group projects!).

Question 56

Attitude polarization refers to?

Answer 56

Attitude polarization describes changes in attitudes among people in groups – tendency to go to the extreme.

Question 57

Naturalistic research refers to?

Answer 57

Naturalistic observational research involve observing participants in their everyday lives. For example, researchers could monitor a chat room after a violent event and see how people respond (there is no manipulation of variables in this type of research).