Nicomachean Ethics, Book II (and a little from Book III and Rebecca Konyndyk DeYoung’s book) Flashcards
What is a virtue of character? Which part of the soul does it belong to?
A virtue of character, in Aristotle’s ethics, is a moral virtue that pertains to one’s character or disposition. It is a quality that enables individuals to act in a virtuous and morally commendable way. Virtues of character belong to the rational part of the soul, specifically to the part concerned with the moral dimension of human actions. These virtues involve the rational element guiding the desires and emotions toward virtuous actions.
How do we acquire virtues of character? How do our actions influence our character? How do virtues of character influence our actions?
Acquisition: Aristotle believes that virtues of character are acquired through a process of habituation (ethos) and moral education. By repeatedly engaging in virtuous actions and making moral choices, individuals develop virtuous habits that become integral to their character.
Influence on Character: Virtues of character influence one’s character by shaping the disposition to act virtuously. As individuals habituate themselves to virtuous actions, these actions become a natural and integral part of their character, guiding their moral choices.
Influence on Actions: Virtues of character influence actions by providing a framework for making morally sound decisions. Individuals with virtuous character are more likely to act in accordance with virtue because their disposition inclines them toward virtuous choices.
What is the difference between acting from virtue (e.g. being temperate) and acting merely according to virtue (e.g. being merely self-controlled)? Why is acting from virtue so much better? How does pleasure show up differently in these two cases?
Acting from Virtue: Acting from virtue means that one’s actions are a natural expression of their virtuous character. For example, a temperate person acts from virtue when they are natural and without internal conflict choose moderate behavior in response to desires for pleasure. Pleasure, in this case, is experienced as a natural result of virtuous action.
Acting According to Virtue: Acting merely according to virtue implies that one’s actions align with virtue but might not be a natural expression of their character. For instance, a self-controlled person might act according to virtue by resisting excessive indulgence in pleasure, but this resistance may involve inner struggle. Pleasure, in this case, is seen as a temptation that needs to be controlled.
Importance of Acting from Virtue: Aristotle believes that acting from virtue is superior because it signifies that one’s character has been genuinely cultivated to align with virtuous principles. It reflects moral excellence and a harmonious integration of one’s desires, emotions, and rational judgment. Pleasure in the context of acting from virtue is experienced as a natural reward for virtuous conduct.
What is the Doctrine of the Mean? Explain the way in which Aristotle believes virtue is a mean, (and likewise how vices are extremes). Illustrate with either Courage/Bravery or Temperance/Moderation and the relevant vices. In what way is the mean “relative to us”? How does Aristotle advise us to approach the mean?
The Doctrine of the Mean is Aristotle’s idea that virtue is a mean between two extremes, and it is relative to the individual. This doctrine is illustrated through virtues like Courage/Bravery and Temperance/Moderation.
Temperance/Moderation: Temperance is the virtue that lies between the extremes of self-indulgence (excessive pleasure-seeking) and insensibility (lack of pleasure). The temperate person finds the middle ground in their pursuit of pleasure.
Courage/Bravery: Courage is the virtue that lies between the extremes of recklessness (excessive risk-taking) and cowardice (excessive fearfulness). The courageous person finds the appropriate balance in facing danger.
Relative to Us: Virtues are relative to individuals because what constitutes a mean can vary depending on one’s circumstances, disposition, and culture. Aristotle acknowledges that the mean is not a fixed point but is determined by practical wisdom (phronesis) and prudence, considering the specific context.
Approach to the Mean: Aristotle advises individuals to aim for the mean by using practical wisdom and rational judgment. Finding the mean involves assessing one’s own tendencies, recognizing when they lean toward excess or deficiency, and consciously striving to achieve the virtuous middle ground.
Aristotle says that virtue is (1) A state (2) that decides (i.e. it is concerned with choice), (3) consisting in a mean, (4) a mean which is relative to us, (5) and which is defined by reference to reason, the reason of a prudent or practically wise person. This definition has 5 parts. Explain why each part is important for Aristotle’s ethics.
A State: Virtue is a stable and enduring disposition, reflecting a person’s character rather than a fleeting mood.
Concerned with Choice: Virtue pertains to moral choices and decisions, emphasizing the importance of rational deliberation.
Consisting in a Mean: Virtue finds a balanced middle ground between extremes, avoiding deficiency and excess.
Relative to Us: Virtues are context-dependent and vary from person to person, recognizing individual differences.
Defined by Reason: Virtue is guided by rational judgment and practical wisdom, ensuring that it aligns with the highest human capacity for ethical reasoning.
Each part of the definition is important because it collectively characterizes virtues as rational, balanced, enduring, contextually relevant, and concerned with moral choices, reflecting Aristotle’s comprehensive understanding of moral excellence and ethical conduct.
