NICU, Gait, EI, BPI

Question 1

What is the purpose of pediatric tests and measures?

Answer 1

To assess developmental progress, identify delays, and guide interventions.

Question 2

How are pediatric tests categorized in the ICF model?

Answer 2

Body structures/functions, activity limitations, participation restrictions, environmental factors.

Question 3

What standardized tests assess gross motor development?

Answer 3

AIMS, PDMS-2, GMFM, BOT-2.

Question 4

Which test is used to evaluate functional school-based performance?

Answer 4

School Function Assessment (SFA).

Question 5

Which test assesses sensory processing in children?

Answer 5

Sensory Profile.

Question 6

What is the scoring method for AIMS?

Answer 6

Observational approach scoring postures in prone, supine, sitting, and standing.

Question 7

What percentile rank is concerning on AIMS at 4 months?

Answer 7

<10th percentile.

Question 8

What is a key characteristic of AIMS scoring?

Answer 8

Limited handling to observe natural movement.

Question 9

What is the etiology of OBPI?

Answer 9

Traction injury to the brachial plexus during birth, often due to shoulder dystocia.

Question 10

What are the classifications of OBPI?

Answer 10

Erb’s Palsy (C5-C6), Klumpke’s Palsy (C8-T1), Global Palsy (C5-T1).

Question 11

What is the classic presentation of Erb’s Palsy?

Answer 11

Waiter’s tip position: shoulder IR, elbow extended, wrist flexed.

Question 12

What is the classic presentation of Klumpke’s Palsy?

Answer 12

Claw hand deformity: hyperextension of MCP joints, flexion of IP joints, possible Horner’s syndrome (if T1 involvement).

Question 13

What is the classic presentation of Global Palsy?

Answer 13

Flaccid arm, absent reflexes, no movement in shoulder, elbow, or hand.

Question 14

What are key medical interventions for OBPI?

Answer 14

Nerve transfer, muscle transfer, Botox, osteotomy.

Question 15

What is a key predictor of recovery in OBPI?

Answer 15

Presence of active elbow flexion by 3 months.

Question 16

What are early therapy goals for OBPI?

Answer 16

Maintain ROM, prevent contractures, facilitate active movement.

Question 17

What is the prognosis for OBPI?

Answer 17

Better if recovery begins within 3-6 months; severe cases may lead to lifelong impairments.

Question 18

How does chronic OBPI impact development?

Answer 18

May cause muscle imbalances, joint contractures, and compensatory movement patterns.

Question 19

What are interprofessional roles in OBPI management?

Answer 19

PT, OT, orthopedic surgeon, neurologist, pediatrician, family support services.

Question 20

What is the purpose of early intervention under Part C of IDEA?

Answer 20

To enhance child development, minimize delays, and support families.

Question 21

What are the key components of early intervention?

Answer 21

Team collaboration, evaluation/assessment, IFSP, natural environments, transition planning.

Question 22

What is an IFSP?

Answer 22

Individualized Family Service Plan, guiding early intervention services.

Question 23

How does early intervention differ from hospital-based care?

Answer 23

Hospital-based care is medically driven; early intervention is family-centered and routine-based.

Question 24

What is the transition plan in early intervention?

Answer 24

A process to help children move from Part C to Part B (school-based) services.

Question 25

What are the categories of neonatal nurseries?

Answer 25

Level I: Well newborn, Level II: Special care, Level III: NICU, Level IV: Regional NICU.

Question 26

What defines preterm birth?

Answer 26

Birth before 37 weeks gestation.

Question 27

What are the categories of low birthweight?

Answer 27

LBW: <2500g, VLBW: <1500g, ELBW: <1000g.

Question 28

What is a major cause of cerebral palsy in preterm infants?

Answer 28

Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL).

Question 29

What is bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)?

Answer 29

Chronic lung disease caused by arrested alveolar development in preterm infants.

Question 30

What are signs of neonatal dysregulation?

Answer 30

Arching, flailing, gaze aversion, irregular breathing, mottling.

Question 31

How does NICU-associated stress impact infants?

Answer 31

May lead to altered brain development and long-term sensory processing issues.

Question 32

What are common PT interventions in the NICU?

Answer 32

Positioning, kangaroo care, parent education, developmental support.

Question 33

What is the importance of family-centered care in the NICU?

Answer 33

Supports parent-infant bonding, enhances developmental outcomes.

Question 34

What pediatric test measures self-care, mobility, and social function?

Answer 34

Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI).

Question 35

What is the difference between norm-referenced and criterion-referenced tests?

Answer 35

Norm-referenced compare to a peer group, criterion-referenced compare to specific skill benchmarks.

Question 36

What pediatric test assesses motor proficiency in older children (4-21 years)?

Answer 36

Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOT-2).

Question 37

What pediatric test is used for evaluating infants at risk for motor delays UP TO 4 months?

Answer 37

Test of Infant Motor Performance (TIMP).

Question 38

What is the typical age range for AIMS assessment?

Answer 38

Birth to 18 months or independent walking.

Question 39

What is the purpose of percentile rankings in AIMS?

Answer 39

To compare an infant’s motor development to age-matched peers.

Question 40

What is the difference between Erb’s Palsy and Klumpke’s Palsy?

Answer 40

Erb’s: C5-C6; Klumpke’s: C8-T1 with hand weakness and possible Horner’s syndrome.

Question 41

What is a secondary complication of chronic OBPI?

Answer 41

Glenohumeral dysplasia due to muscle imbalances.

Question 42

What are red flags for referral in OBPI?

Answer 42

Lack of elbow flexion at 3 months, severe muscle imbalance, limited PROM.

Question 43

What surgical interventions are used for OBPI?

Answer 43

Nerve graft, muscle/tendon transfer, osteotomy.

Question 44

What is the timeline for completing an IFSP after referral?

Answer 44

Must be completed within 45 days of referral.

Question 45

What is the difference between an IFSP and an IEP?

Answer 45

IFSP is family-centered (Part C, birth-3 years); IEP is school-based (Part B, 3-21 years).

Question 46

What is a 'natural environment' in early intervention?

Answer 46

A setting where a child typically spends time (home, daycare, playground).

Question 47

What is the Apgar score used for?

Answer 47

Quickly assesses an infant's health at 1 and 5 minutes after birth.

Question 48

What is the significance of corrected age in premature infants?

Answer 48

Used to assess developmental progress by adjusting for early birth.

Question 49

What are the five components of the Synactive Theory of Development?

Answer 49

Motor, Attention/Interaction, Autonomic, State Regulatory, State Organizational.

Question 50

What are key interventions for infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)?

Answer 50

Positioning, oxygen support, breathing exercises, parent education.

Question 51

What are common feeding difficulties in NICU infants?

Answer 51

Poor suck-swallow coordination, difficulty with oral motor control, fatigue during feeding.

Question 52

How does preterm birth impact sensory development?

Answer 52

Increased risk for sensory integration difficulties and delayed vestibular processing.

Question 53

What are PT strategies to support motor development in the NICU?

Answer 53

Facilitate flexion, midline positioning, and gentle handling.

Question 54

What is kangaroo care and why is it important?

Answer 54

Skin-to-skin contact that improves infant regulation, bonding, and neurodevelopment.

Question 55

At what age do 50% of infants achieve independent standing?

Answer 55

10.5 months.

Question 56

At what age do 50% of infants take their first steps?

Answer 56

11 months.

Question 57

When is mature sagittal plane gait typically developed?

Answer 57

By 3.5 years.

Question 58

What are the five early determinants of mature walking?

Answer 58

Duration of single-limb stance, walking velocity, cadence, step length, ratio of pelvic span to ankle spread.

Question 59

What are key characteristics of early walking?

Answer 59

Wide base of support, increased hip/knee flexion, full foot initial contact, short stride, increased cadence, relative foot-drop in swing.

Question 60

What is the most important factor in infant gait development?

Answer 60

Frontal plane stability (lateral weight shifts).

Question 61

At what age does heel strike at initial contact emerge?

Answer 61

Mean time frame of 22.5 weeks after onset of independent walking.

Question 62

When should consistent heel-toe gait be observed?

Answer 62

By 2.5 years.

Question 63

What are characteristics of gait at 9-15 months?

Answer 63

Wide BOS, hips in abduction/flexion/lateral rotation, COM at lower thoracic level.

Question 64

What are characteristics of gait at 18-24 months?

Answer 64

Lower COM (lumbar), decreased head/trunk oscillations, improved stability in single-limb stance.

Question 65

When does running typically emerge?

Answer 65

50% by 16 months, 90% by 21 months.

Question 66

When does a narrow BOS in walking typically develop?

Answer 66

By 2 years.

Question 67

What system provides the first stable reference frame for postural control in new walkers?

Answer 67

The pelvis.

Question 68

When does head stabilization in space emerge for walking on level surfaces?

Answer 68

Between ages 3-6 years.

Question 69

What is a key characteristic of preschoolers' postural control in gait?

Answer 69

They resort to 'en bloc' head-trunk movement during challenging tasks.

Question 70

At what age does head stabilization in space during complex tasks emerge?

Answer 70

By 7-8 years.

Question 71

Which sensory system reaches adult-level function first for postural control?

Answer 71

Somatosensory system (by ages 3-4).

Question 72

Which sensory system reaches adult-level function last?

Answer 72

Vestibular system (not fully mature by 15 years).

Question 73

What happens to gait when plantar cutaneous sensation is desensitized?

Answer 73

Subjects shift weight to retain sensation and alter muscle recruitment strategies.

Question 74

Is intermittent toe walking normal in early development?

Answer 74

Yes, it may be observed in early standing, cruising, and first 3-4 months after walking begins.

Question 75

At what age is persistent toe walking considered atypical?

Answer 75

After 2 years of age.