Nitrogen 2

Question 1

peroxynitrate

Answer 1

When Nitric oxide reacts with superoxide. Very reactive problem. Can oxidize cysteine side chains and nitrosylate tyrosine side chains in proteins.

Question 2

Nitrites

Answer 2

forms of nitrogen used to preserve/cure meats. In the presence of stomach acid, can form carcinogenic nitrosamines
can also oxidize ferrous iron and render it unstable

Question 3

nitrites in acid

Answer 3

form nitrous acid ion, which can decompose to water and nitrosonium ion

Question 4

nitrosonium ion

Answer 4

react with secondary amine, such a proline, to form a nitrosamine

Question 5

Nitrosamines

Answer 5

readily form DNA adducts, leading to mutation and cancer in many animal species

Question 6

Tobacco us

Answer 6

forms nitroamines from nicotine

Question 7

NNK

Answer 7

nitrosamine derived from nicotine

Question 8

How many families are there in amino acid metabolism?

Answer 8

6

Question 9

List 2 amino acid families

Answer 9

alpha-ketoglutyrate

serine

Question 10

List 3,4 amino acid families

Answer 10

aspartate

aromatics

Question 11

List 5,6 amino acid families

Answer 11

pyruvate and histidine

Question 12

transamination

Answer 12

plays important roles in all amino acid metabolism, but more relevant for alpha ketoglutarate, apartate and pyruvate.

Question 13

Alpha ketoglutarate

Answer 13

common precursor of the alpha ketoglutarate family. can make glutamate by transamination

Question 14

Glutamine

Answer 14

formed by transamination from glutamate catalyzed by glutamate synthetase. (way to mop of free ammonia)

Question 15

3-PG

Answer 15

precursor of the serine family.

Question 16

Serine synthesis

Answer 16

can occur from 3-PG, but also made from glycine gaining a carbon from folate.

Question 17

Cysteine

Answer 17

serine family, but can also be made from methionine - both contain sulfur

Question 18

Selenocystine

Answer 18

serine family, made by converting serine attached to a tRNA. Involved replacing O2 in serine with a selenium atom

Question 19

Precursor of aspartate family?

Answer 19

oxaloacetate

Question 20

Aspartate

Answer 20

Can be transaminated to asparagine, but reversal is not practical. Instead, amine of asparagine is hydrolyzed, releasing ammonia.

Question 21

precursors of the aromatic family?

Answer 21

PEP and erythrose-4-phosphate

Question 22

Breakdown of tryptophan

Answer 22

yields neurotransmitters, plant horomone auxin

Question 23

Metabolism of phenylalanine?

Answer 23

yields tyrosine

Question 24

phenylketonuria

Answer 24

deficiency of enzymes for breaking down phenylalanine/tyrosine

Question 25

metabolism of tyrosine

Answer 25

yields L-dopa and dopamine, as well as norepinehprhine and epinephrine. Also thyroid hormones.

Question 26

deiodinases

Answer 26

enzyme required for synthesis of thyroid hormones. All contain selenocystine

Question 27

Pyruvate family includes?

Answer 27

alanine and the branch chain amino acids

Question 28

Histidine family includes 1 member

Answer 28

histidine - starting material is synthesis of ribose-5-phosphate