Nitrogenous, polymers and synthesis

Question 1

how do amines act as bases ?

Answer 1

neutralised by acids to form ammonium salts

lone pair of electrons means can accept protons

Question 2

why are amines nucleophiles?

Answer 2

lone pair on the nitrogen atom

Question 3

how are primary amines made from haloalkanes?

Answer 3

ammonia + haloalkane – amine + NH4Br

Question 4

how are secondary amines made from haloalkanes?

Answer 4

ammonia + haloalkane + amine — amine + NH4Br

Question 5

how are aromatic amines made from nitro arenes ?

Answer 5

nitro arene + 6[H] – aromatic amine + water

Question 6

what is needed for reaction of nitro arene – aromatic amine ?

Answer 6

1. tin, conc HCl, reflux

2. NaOH

Question 7

how are primary amides made?

Answer 7

acyl chloride + ammonia — amide + NH4Cl

Question 8

state the conditions / reagents for making amine from haloalkane

Answer 8

ethanol ammonia / fractional distillation to separate mixture of organic products

Question 9

what functional group does an amine contain ?

Answer 9

R - NH2 / - NH / N / N+ (quaternary ammonium ion)

Question 10

which functional group does an amide contain ?

Answer 10

R - CONH2

R’ group may replace hydrogen

Question 11

how are secondary amides made ?

Answer 11

acyl chloride + primary amine — secondary amide + haloamine

Question 12

what happens w/ amino acid + alkali ?

Answer 12

normal acid - base reaction

Question 13

what happens w/ amino acid + acid ?

Answer 13

conjugate acid is formed

Question 14

are amino acids able to make esters w/ alcohol ?

Answer 14

yes due to the COOH group

Question 15

state the definition of optical isomer

Answer 15

sterioisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other

Question 16

what does it mean that optical isomers are optically active ?

Answer 16

they rotate plane-polarised light (light that only vibrates in one direction)

Question 17

what is the amide link in a polyamide ?

Answer 17

• CONH -

Question 18

what are products and reactants for acid hydrolysis of poylamide ?

Answer 18

polyamide + water — dicarboxylic acid + diamine

Question 19

what are products and reactants for base hydrolysis of poylester ?

Answer 19

polyester + NaOH — dicarboxylate salt + diol

Question 20

how are polyamides made ?

Answer 20

dicarboxylic acid + diamine (condensation)

Question 21

how are polyesters made ?

Answer 21

dicarboxylic acid + diol (condensation)

Question 22

state the conditions / reagents for formation of nitriles w/ from haloalkane

Answer 22

halo alkane / ethanol / reflux / hydrogen cyanide

Question 23

what type of mechanism is involved with formation of nitriles from haloalkane ?

Answer 23

nucleophillic substitution

Question 24

how to form hydroxynitrile from carbonyl ?

Answer 24

nucleophillic addition ( C=O bond breaks and CN joins on)

Question 25

how do you reduce a nitrile and what does it form ?

Answer 25

react w/ hydrogen and Ni catalyst at high temp / pressure to form primary amine

Question 26

how do you hydrolyse a nitrile and what does it form ?

Answer 26

react w/ dilute HCl and reflux to form carboxylic acid and NH4Cl

Question 27

which nitrogenous reactions require ethanol ?

Answer 27

haloalkane --> primary amine | haloalkane --> nitrile

Question 28

which nitrogenous reactions require reflux ?

Answer 28

aromatic nitro --> aromatic amine haloalkane --> nitrile nitrile --> carboxylic acid