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Question 1

what is freedom?

Answer 1

is an integral part of more than one component of ourselves. It is integral to our humanity, it is integral to our current living conditions, and it is integral to our character.

Question 2

What is choice

Answer 2

the presence of valid options

Question 3

What is will?

Answer 3

the capacity to make a choice

Question 4

What is free will?

Answer 4

the state of one’s will to be free from external constraint

Question 5

What is agency?

Answer 5

the capacity to act on one’s will

Question 6

What is political freedom?

Answer 6

pertains to the institutional constraints and rights that society has formalized. This is the type of freedom that is more, for lack of a better phrase, “down to earth.” It explores the justification, the balance, and the consistency for laws in the constitution, religion, and communities.

Question 7

pertains to the institutional constraints and rights that society has formalized. This is the type of freedom that is more, for lack of a better phrase, “down to earth.” It explores the justification, the balance, and the consistency for laws in the constitution, religion, and communities.

Answer 7

political freedom

Question 8

the capacity to act on one’s will

Answer 8

agency

Question 9

the state of one’s will to be free from external constraint

Answer 9

free will

Question 10

the capacity to make a choice

Answer 10

will

Question 11

the presence of valid options

Answer 11

choice

Question 12

is an integral part of more than one component of ourselves. It is integral to our humanity, it is integral to our current living conditions, and it is integral to our character.

Answer 12

freedom

Question 13

what is Metaphysical Freedom

Answer 13

It pertains to a more abstract understanding of freedom, one that is fundamental to the relationship of human consciousness to existence. A great deal of argument centers on whether human agency and will are within personal control, or subject, completely or partially, to external forces.

Question 14

It pertains to a more abstract understanding of freedom, one that is fundamental to the relationship of human consciousness to existence. A great deal of argument centers on whether human agency and will are within personal control, or subject, completely or partially, to external forces.

Answer 14

Metaphysical Freedom

Question 15

what are the four circumstances?

Answer 15

Mitigating
Aggravating
exempting
justifying

Question 16

These are factors which lessens the criminal liability of an individual on account that his will has been unduly compromised or inhibited prior to committing a crime. The argument stands that in the event where the individual is uncompromised, then the action would not have taken place or would not have been as grave.

Answer 16

mitigating circumstances

Question 17

mitigating circumstances

Answer 17

These are factors which lessens the criminal liability of an individual on account that his will has been unduly compromised or inhibited prior to committing a crime. The argument stands that in the event where the individual is uncompromised, then the action would not have taken place or would not have been as grave.

Question 18

what circumstance does this belong to?
Article 13 of the Revised Penal Code

That the offender had no intention to commit so grave a wrong as that committed.

That sufficient provocation or threat on the part of the offended party immediately preceded the act.

That the act was committed in the immediate vindication of a grave offense to the one committing the felony his spouse, ascendants, descendants, legitimate, natural or adopted brothers or sisters or relatives by affinity within the same degrees

That of having acted upon an impulse so powerful as naturally to have produced passion or obfuscation.

Answer 18

Mitigating circumstances

Question 19

what is aggravating circumstances?

Answer 19

These are factors which increase the criminal liability of an individual on account that he has exercised maximum will before, in, or after committing the crime. The argument states that the intent of the individual heightens its severity.

Question 20

These are factors which increase the criminal liability of an individual on account that he has exercised maximum will before, in, or after committing the crime. The argument states that the intent of the individual heightens its severity.

Answer 20

aggravating circumstances

Question 21

what circumstance does this belong to?

Examples: Article 14 of the Revised Penal Code

1. That the crime be committed in contempt of or with insult to the public authorities.
2. That the crime be committed in the palace of the Chief Executive, or in his presence, or where public authorities are engaged in the discharge of their duties, or in a place dedicated to religious worship.
3. That the crime be committed in the nighttime, or in an uninhabited place, or by a band, whenever such circumstances may facilitate the commission of the offense. Whenever more than three armed malefactors shall have acted together in the commission of an offense, it shall be deemed to have been committed by a band.

Answer 21

Aggravating circumstances

Question 22

These are factors which altogether grants the individual pardon on account of a severely compromised will to the point of little to no agency on the matter.

Answer 22

Exempting Circumstances

Question 23

Exempting Circumstances

Answer 23

These are factors which altogether grants the individual pardon on account of a severely compromised will to the point of little to no agency on the matter.

Question 24

Examples: Article 12 of the Revised Penal Code

An imbecile or an insane person, unless the latter has acted during a lucid interval.

Any person who, while performing a lawful act with due care, causes an injury by mere accident without fault or intention causing it.

Any person who acts under the compulsion of irresistible force
ELEMENTS:
That the compulsion is by means of physical force
That the physical force must be irresistible
That the physical force must come from a third person.

Answer 24

Exempting circumstances

Question 25

Justifying

Answer 25

These are factors which absolves the individual of criminal liability when the act is done due to a necessity or lack of choice. In these cases, no criminal action is recorded or held against the individual.

Question 26

These are factors which absolves the individual of criminal liability when the act is done due to a necessity or lack of choice. In these cases, no criminal action is recorded or held against the individual.

Answer 26

Justifying circumstances

Question 27

Examples: Article 11 of the Revised Penal Code Self-defense Defense of relatives Defense of strangers Avoidance of greater evil or injury Fulfillment of duty or lawful exercise of right or office Obedience to an order issued for some lawful purpose

Answer 27

justifying circumstances

Question 28

To put it simply, to have a right to something means to be able to do this action without expressed permission from others. It does not necessarily imply whether the action you take is moral or immoral as far as ethics is concerned.

Answer 28

Rights

Question 29

Rights

Answer 29

To put it simply, to have a right to something means to be able to do this action without expressed permission from others. It does not necessarily imply whether the action you take is moral or immoral as far as ethics is concerned.

Question 30

To put it simply, to have a right to something means to be able to do this action without expressed permission from others. It does not necessarily imply whether the action you take is moral or immoral as far as ethics is concerned.

Answer 30

Rights

Question 31

Prohibitions

Answer 31

are any law by the government that restricts action are any law by the government that restricts action.

Question 32

are any law by the government that restricts action. are any law by the government that restricts action.

Answer 32

Prohibitions

Question 33

Conflict

Answer 33

arises through the existence of governing agencies, whichare institutions in a country which holds the monopoly on legitimate force as sanctioned by the citizens; that rights become inversely related to prohibitions.

Question 34

arises through the existence of governing agencies, whichare institutions in a country which holds the monopoly on legitimate force as sanctioned by the citizens; that rights become inversely related to prohibitions.

Answer 34

Conflict

Question 35

Metaphysical Freedom

Answer 35

pertains to the debate between free will vs determinism.

Question 36

pertains to the debate between free will vs determinism.

Answer 36

Metaphysical Freedom

Question 37

This suggests that the individual has complete independent and autonomous control of his consciousness, free from external influence.

Answer 37

free will

Question 38

free will

Answer 38

This suggests that the individual has complete independent and autonomous control of his consciousness, free from external influence.

Question 39

suggests that the individual has no complete control pertaining to his consciousness

Answer 39

determinism

Question 40

determinism

Answer 40

suggests that the individual has no complete control pertaining to his consciousness (it is already determined)

Question 41

presupposes the existence of either an omniscient or an omnipotent deity, or usually both.

Answer 41

theological determinism

Question 42

theological determinism

Answer 42

presupposes the existence of either an omniscient or an omnipotent deity, or usually both.

Question 43

Hard determinism

Answer 43

You have no control on what's going to happen

Question 44

You have no control on what's going to happen

Answer 44

Hard determinism

Question 45

soft determinism

Answer 45

although something is determined, you still have the chance to have a free will

Question 46

although something is determined, you still have the chance to have a free will

Answer 46

soft determinism

Question 47

what are the 4 types of determinism?

Answer 47

hard soft theological physical

Question 48

what are the 2 types of arguments of theological determinism?

Answer 48

argument from Omniscience argument from Omnipotence

Question 49

argument from Omniscience

Answer 49

suggests a linear timeline of past, present, and future, in which the deity or god, knows the future of humanity's present. In the eyes of such an entity, the future has already happened and implies that we at the present are inevitably living through the passage of time.

Question 50

suggests a linear timeline of past, present, and future, in which the deity or god, knows the future of humanity's present. In the eyes of such an entity, the future has already happened and implies that we at the present are inevitably living through the passage of time.

Answer 50

argument from Omniscience

Question 51

argument from Omnipotent

Answer 51

also known as the "Divine Plan" Argument or Preordination, suggests that an omnipotent deity set in motion consciously set in motion every event that occurred since the creation of the universe.

Question 52

also known as the "Divine Plan" Argument or Preordination, suggests that an omnipotent deity set in motion consciously set in motion every event that occurred since the creation of the universe.

Answer 52

argument from Omnipotence

Question 53

Physical Determinism

Answer 53

is also known as Nomological Determinism and Scientific Determinism. It has been theorized by the materialist since the pre-Socratics but gains more and more traction with succeeding scientific discoveries. A theory for this can be better explained by the thought experiment Laplace's Demon, by Pierre-Simon Laplace. Suppose that there exists an observer (i.e. the demon) outside the universe which can calculate the position and momentum of every particle of any one given instance with infinite precision, then that entity would be able to accurately predict the next instance.

Question 54

is also known as Nomological Determinism and Scientific Determinism. It has been theorized by the materialist since the pre-Socratics but gains more and more traction with succeeding scientific discoveries.

Answer 54

Physical Determinism

Question 55

A theory for this can be better explained by the thought experiment Laplace's Demon, by Pierre-Simon Laplace. Suppose that there exists an observer (i.e. the demon) outside the universe which can calculate the position and momentum of every particle of any one given instance with infinite precision, then that entity would be able to accurately predict the next instance.

Answer 55

Physical determinism

Question 56

the central idea of scientific determinism

Answer 56

laplace' demon by Pierre - Simmon Laplace

Question 57

who theorized Laplace's demon?

Answer 57

Pierre - Simmon Laplace

Question 58

concern's the idea of determinism, namely the belief that the past can completely determines the future states that, in this world, everything would pre-determined, no chance, no choice, and no uncertainty

Answer 58

Laplace's Demon

Question 59

Laplace's Demon

Answer 59

concern's the idea of determinism, namely the belief that the past can completely determines the future states that, in this world, everything would pre-determined, no chance, no choice, and no uncertainty

Question 60

pertains to the worth of one's humanity, not it's value. The difference is that value changes from individual perception to another

Answer 60

dignity

Question 61

is a socially constructed concept that has man at its very center. The foundations and basis may differ across time and countries, but the general ideas remain the same: that there exists an intrinsic worth to humanity.

Answer 61

dignity

Question 62

dignity

Answer 62

is a socially constructed concept that has man at its very center. The foundations and basis may differ across time and countries, but the general ideas remain the same: that there exists an intrinsic worth to humanity. pertains to the worth of one's humanity, not it's value. The difference is that value changes from individual perception to another

Question 63

Pride

Answer 63

refers to the value one ascribes to his/her notion of self-worth, and oftentimes this is subjective. Some people have more pride than others, but every human's dignity remains constant across different demographics or time.

Question 64

refers to the value one ascribes to his/her notion of self-worth, and oftentimes this is subjective. Some people have more pride than others, but every human's dignity remains constant across different demographics or time.

Answer 64

Pride

Question 65

Humiliation

Answer 65

pertains to a state of diminished pride in the social context.

Question 66

pertains to a state of diminished pride in the social context.

Answer 66

Humiliation

Question 67

degradation

Answer 67

pertains to a state of diminished dignity, regardless whether the context is social or not

Question 68

pertains to a state of diminished dignity, regardless whether the context is social or not

Answer 68

degradation

Question 69

Dignity in Law

Answer 69

Albeit that dignity is an abstract concept, the application of this to our daily lives is very concrete and very real. It is one of the few concepts which is constitutionally enshrined in the Philippines as seen in Article II, Section 11 of the 1987 Constitution.

Question 70

Albeit that dignity is an abstract concept, the application of this to our daily lives is very concrete and very real. It is one of the few concepts which is constitutionally enshrined in the Philippines as seen in Article II, Section 11 of the 1987 Constitution.

Answer 70

Dignity in Law

Question 71

Sources of Dignity

Answer 71

. Theological Source 2. Ontological Source

Question 72

Theological Source

Answer 72

This feature of dignity elevates man's status and makes him unique and justifies an anthropocentric view of the universe. Man's dignity is of the same nature as God's dignity, which makes it not subject even to one's own character and moral stature. This makes dignity, from this foundation, exclusive to humans.

Question 73

This feature of dignity elevates man's status and makes him unique and justifies an anthropocentric view of the universe. Man's dignity is of the same nature as God's dignity, which makes it not subject even to one's own character and moral stature. This makes dignity, from this foundation, exclusive to humans.

Answer 73

Theological Source

Question 74

Ontological Source

Answer 74

This means that if an animal for instance, would develop consciousness to a degree that it qualifies as sentience, then that would be given the same level of dignity that man has. The same argument can be applied in the fictional, but not entirely improbable, event of extraterrestrial contact which displays intelligence. Unlike the theological source, this means that dignity is not exclusive to homo sapiens.

Question 75

This means that if an animal for instance, would develop consciousness to a degree that it qualifies as sentience, then that would be given the same level of dignity that man has. The same argument can be applied in the fictional, but not entirely improbable, event of extraterrestrial contact which displays intelligence. Unlike the theological source, this means that dignity is not exclusive to homo sapiens.

Answer 75

Ontological Source

Question 76

legal ramification

Answer 76

is implementation of laws which secures the concept of dignity regardless of individual consent as this is an act of dehumanization of one's self.

Question 77

is implementation of laws which secures the concept of dignity regardless of individual consent as this is an act of dehumanization of one's self.

Answer 77

legal ramification