PHILOSOPHY CO5-6 Flashcards by Antonio Castillo

What is Politics

Politics in a broadest sense, is the activity through which people make, preserve and amend the general rules under which they live. (Heywood, 2014)

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in a broadest sense, is the activity through which people make, preserve and amend the general rules under which they live. (Heywood, 2014)

Politics

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In theory, Politics can also be linked to the phenomena of _____and ________.

CONFLICT and COOPERATION.

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is a view that persons’ moral and/or political obligations are dependent upon a contract or agreement among them to form the society in which they live.

Social Contract

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Social Contract

is a view that persons’ moral and/or political obligations are dependent upon a contract or agreement among them to form the society in which they live.

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is simply a contract between individuals to form a governing body and to be subjected to that.

is also a process of Cooperation of Individuals.

Social Contract Theory

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Social Contract Theory

is simply a contract between individuals to form a governing body and to be subjected to that.

Theory is also a process of Cooperation of Individuals.

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what are the THREE PRINCIPAL CAUSES OF CONFLICTS

The Desire for Gain;
The Desire for Safety;
The Desire for Glory

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Thomas Hobbes

In faculties of mind and body, men are, on the whole, so nearly equal that one cannot claim for himself any benefit to which another may not pretend as well as he. From this equality of ability arises equality of hope in attaining ends desired.”

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Who created the three principle causes of conflicts

thomas hobbes

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who said this? “In faculties of mind and body, men are, on the whole, so nearly equal that one cannot claim for himself any benefit to which another may not pretend as well as he. From this equality of ability arises equality of hope in attaining ends desired.”

Thomas Hobbes

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who said this? In the Discourse on Inequality the natural man appears first as the solitary savage, living the happy, care-free life of the brute, without fixed abode, without articulate speech, with no needs or desires that cannot be satisfied through the merest instinct.

Jean Jacques Rousseau

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definition of ELEMENTS OF PERFECT HAPPINESS

In the state of Nature, Men are considered to be: INDEPENDENT; CONTENTED; and SELF-SUFFICING

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In the state of Nature, Men are considered to be:

INDEPENDENT; CONTENTED; and SELF-SUFFICING

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In the state of Nature, Men are considered to be: INDEPENDENT; CONTENTED; and SELF-SUFFICING

definition of ELEMENTS OF PERFECT HAPPINESS

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He believed that in the state of nature men are all equal. These equal rights extend to the peasants and laborers, as well as to the middle class. State of nature is pre-political. The Society was not based on reason rather on emotions of self-interest and pity.

Jean Jacques Rousseau

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SOCIAL CONTRACT AS SOCIAL ORGANIZATION

Jean Jacques Rousseau claimed that with the progress of civilization, evils arose. The division of labor that followed the development of the arts and the rise of private property created distinctions between rich and poor that broke down the happy natural condition of mankind and necessitated the establishment of civil society.

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SOCIAL CONTRACT AS SOCIAL ORGANIZATION

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STATE AND SOCIETY

Rousseau claimed that reason was the outgrowth of the artificial life of men in organized society, and that the results of its development were calamitous.

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Rousseau claimed that reason was the outgrowth of the artificial life of men in organized society, and that the results of its development were calamitous.

STATE AND SOCIETY

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Rousseau held that everyone gave up all his natural rights to the community as a whole. By this process a body politic, with a life and will of its own, was established. Yet each person in the state, possessing an equal and inalienable portion of the sovereignty of the whole, gained back under the protection of the state the rights he had given up.

THE GENERAL WILL

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THE GENERAL WILL

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THE GENERAL WILL

corresponded to the common interest of all members of the community, as contrasted with interests.

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corresponded to the common interest of all members of the community, as contrasted with interests.

THE GENERAL WILL

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ECONMOICS

is defined in general sense as a branch of Social Sciences that deals with producing, consuming, and transferring wealth. According to Allen (1977).

ECONMOICS

is a Social science that analyzes and describes the consequences of choices made concerning scarce productive resources.

economics

is a Social science that analyzes and describes the consequences of choices made concerning scarce productive resources.

Economics

is the study of how individuals and societies choose to employ those resources: what goods and services will be produced, how they will be produced, and how they will be distributed among the members of society.

Economics

Communism

may be defined as a philosophy of history based on a materialistic conception of human development. This ideology advocates that the system of social organization is based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or the State.

Communism

You have two cows. The state takes both and gives you some milk.

Communism

also characterized that all economic and social activity is controlled by a totalitarian state dominated by a single and self-perpetuating political party.

System of communism

also characterized that all economic and social activity is controlled by a totalitarian state dominated by a single and self-perpetuating political party.

THE VIEW OF MARX TO COMMUNISM

SOCIAL and POLITICAL relationships in terms of the MATERIAL NEEDS that are basic to HUMAN EXISTENCE

THE VIEW OF MARX TO COMMUNISM

_____ and______ relationships in terms of the ________ that are basic to _______

Social, Political, Material Needs, Human existance

HISTORICAL MATERIALISM

Central to Marx’s thought is his theory of historical materialism, which argued that human societies and their cultural institutions (like religion, law, morality, etc.) were the outgrowth of collective economic activity.

HISTORICAL MATERIALISM

Marx’s theory was heavily influenced by .?

Hegel’s dialectical method

He wrote in his Moral Sentiments the famous observation that he was to repeat later in The Wealth of Nations: that self-seeking men are often: “led by an invisible hand…without knowing it, without intending it, [to] advance the interest of the society.”

ADAM SMITH

CAPITALISM

This economic revolution, coupled with imperialist rule, underpinned the subsequent two centuries of Western ascendancy. But what strikes us is how slow the arrival of the triumph was – it took three centuries – and how economically hard-pressed capitalism was up almost to the last moment before it finally prevailed

The coming of the Industrial Revolution signaled the global triumph of

CAPITALISM

Capitalism

features landlords in control of a state, or a state acting independently, responding to capitalism’s uneven development by consciously producing ‘combined development’, a form of accelerated, conscious, and planned development of capitalism. (Heller, n.d.)

Political Capitalism

control over the state by bourgeoisie supported by small producers or by landlords helped to determine the character of the capitalism that developed in each instance.

Lenin's view of capitalism

control over the state by bourgeoisie supported by small producers or by landlords helped to determine the character of the capitalism that developed in each instance.

Death in Medicine

Associated with the cessation of existence

Death in Medicine

Clinical Death

Pertains to the cessation of the function of the heart and lungs

Clinical Death

Brain Death

Pertains to cessation of sufficient brain inactivity

Brain Death

being is the existence of a thing;

[Dasein]

nothingness is the inexistence of a thing.

[Das Nicht]

all life is naturally oriented towards death

[Sein-zum-tode]

The only way to face death is by living authentically

[Eigenlichkeit]

The only way to face death is by living authentically

[Sein-zum-tode]

all life is naturally oriented towards death

[Das Nicht]

nothingness is the inexistence of a thing.

[Dasein]

being is the existence of a thing;

Eternal Oblivion

The belief that consciousness is completely annihilated

Eternal Oblivion

Reincarnation

The belief that consciousness persists after death and transfers into another body

Reincarnation

Afterlife

The belief that consciousness persists and moves to another state of existence

Afterlife

It is said that while happiness is fleeting and uncertain, it is _______ that is permanent and assured.

suffering

It is said that while happiness is fleeting and uncertain, it is suffering that is permanent and assured.

suffering can be divided into two:

physical suffering and mental suffering.

This is a form of mental suffering resulting from a lack of stimulation.

Boredom and Ennui.

Boredom

is the agony of not having anything to do.

s the agony of not having anything to do.

Boredom

ennui

is the agony of boredom despite doing everything. The latter is often a symptom of clinical depression.

is the agony of boredom despite doing everything.

ennui

A form of mental suffering where one eagerly dreads or fears the upcoming future. This results from the many imagined scenarios of what may happen.

Anxiety.

A form of mental suffering where one eagerly dreads or fears the upcoming future. This results from the many imagined scenarios of what may happen. v

A form of mental suffering that occurs with loss, usually that of a treasured or loved one.

Grief.

A form of mental suffering that occurs with loss, usually that of a treasured or loved one

Stages of Grief

Denial Anger Depression Bargaining Acceptance

Buddhism: The Four Noble Truths

Dukkha: There is suffering Samudaya: There is a cause of suffering Nirodha: Attachment is the cause of suffering Magga: Attachment may be overcome through the Noble Eightfold Path

There is suffering

Dukkha:

There is suffering

Samudaya

: There is a cause of suffering

Samudaya

Nirodha

: Attachment is the cause of suffering

Nirodha

Magga

: Attachment may be overcome through the Noble Eightfold Path

Magga

Theodicy: The Silence of God

If God is all-good and all-powerful then where does evil comes from? If God is all-good but not all powerful, then he is incompetent. If God is not all-good but all-powerful, then he is malevolent. If God is not all-good and not all-powerful, then why call him God?

If God is all-good but not all powerful,

then he is incompetent.

If God is all-good but not all powerful,

then he is incompetent.

If God is not all-good but all-powerful,

then he is malevolent.

Pleasure is indistinguishable from happiness The pursuit of physical pleasure is the chief and sole good act Pleasure is ideally immediate

Hedonism (pleasure)

Pleasure is indistinguishable from happiness The pursuit of physical pleasure is the chief and sole good act Pleasure is ideally immediate

In addition to pursuing pleasure, one must avoid pain and suffering Pleasure may be a result of delayed gratification

Epicureanism

In addition to pursuing pleasure, one must avoid pain and suffering Pleasure may be a result of delayed gratification

Units for measuring utility, or “use”, are known

utils

The Hedonistic Calculus

Purity Richness Remoteness Intensity Certainty Extent Duration

“Better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied”

John Stuart Mill

Distinguished between types of pleasure

Physical Pleasure E.g. Food, Sleeping, Sex, etc. Mental/Psychological Pleasure E.g. Discourse, Understanding, Enlightenment, etc

Buddhism: Noble Eightfold Path

Right View Right Understanding Right Speech Right Action Right Livelihood Right Effort Right Concentration Right Mindfulness

Aristotle: The Golden Mean

Good is a compromise of two evils Virtue is found in moderation of all things.

Good

is a compromise of two evils

good

Virtue

is found in moderation of all things.

Virtue

Greek term. Often translated to “Happiness” and “Welfare”

Eudaimonia

may be achieved through the virtuous actions employed with reason; i.e. rational activity

Eudaimonia

believes we can face inevitable death through authenticity

Heidegger

we can find meaning, and therefore happiness, despite absurdity

Albert Camus

believes that suffering is the norm of existence and may be overcome

budhism

believed that happiness is achieved by living a rational and virtuous life

aristotle

________ and _________ are intertwined in multiple philosophies

Pleasure and Happiness

PHILOSOPHY CO5-6 Flashcards

(117 cards)