NM Physiology & Exercise

Question 1

What are the 3 main parts of the brain?

Answer 1

Cerebrum

Cerebellum

Brainstem

Question 2

Where is the Cerebellum located?

Answer 2

Under the Cerebrum

Question 3

Function fo the cerebellum

Answer 3

Coordinate muscle movement

Maintain posture + balance

Question 4

Function of brainstem

Answer 4

Acts as a relay centre connecting the cerebrum + cerebellum to the spinal cord.

Question 5

What composes the CNS

Answer 5

Brain

Spinal cord

Question 6

What composes the PNS

Answer 6

Spinal nerves branching form the spinal cord

Cranial nerves branching from the brain

Question 7

Which out of the 3 main parts of the brain is the largest?

Answer 7

Cerebrum

Question 8

What is the cerebrum composed of?

Answer 8

Right + left hemispheres

Question 9

Function of the Cerebrum

Answer 9

Interpreting touch, vision, hearing, speech, emotions, learning + fine control of movement.

Question 10

What are the right hemisphere + left hemisphere the cerebrum in the brain joined by?

Answer 10

Bundle of fibres called the Corpus Callosum

Question 11

What does the Corpus Callosum in the Cerebrum do?

Answer 11

Transmits messages from one side of the brain to the other.

Question 12

What does each hemisphere of the cerebrum control?

Answer 12

The opposite side of the body.

Question 13

What does the left hemisphere of the brain control?

Answer 13

Speech

Comprehension

Writing

Question 14

What does the right hemisphere of the brain control?

Answer 14

Creativity

Spatial ability

Artistic + musical skils.

Question 15

What is the surface of the cerebrum called?

Answer 15

Cortex

Question 16

How many neurones does the cortex contain?

Answer 16

16 billion

Question 17

What does the grey matter of the brain contain?

Answer 17

Most of the brains neuronal cell bodies.

Question 18

What is the grey matter of the cortex involved in?

Answer 18

Muscle control

Sensory reception

Question 19

What gives the white matter of the cortex its name?

Answer 19

The myelin sheath of neurones

Question 20

What divides the brain into lobes?

Answer 20

The fissures in the cerebral hemispheres

Question 21

How many lobes are in each hemisphere of the brain?

Answer 21

4

Question 22

What are the 4 lobes in each hemisphere of the brain?

Answer 22

Frontal

Temporal

Parietal

Occipital

Question 23

Frontal lobe responsibilities

Answer 23

Personality, behaviour + emotions

Judgment, planning, problem solving

Speaking + writing

Body movement

Intelligence

Question 24

Parietal lobe responsibilities

Answer 24

Interprets language

Sense of touch, pain + temp

Interprets signals from vision, sensory + memory

Spatial + visual perception

Question 25

Occipital lobe responsibilities

Answer 25

Interprets vision (colour, light, movement)

Question 26

Temporal lobe responsibilities

Answer 26

Understanding language Memory Hearing

Question 27

Which functional area of the cerebral cortex is responsible for muscles of speech

Answer 27

Broca's area

Question 28

Which functional area of the cerebral cortex is responsible for smelling

Answer 28

Olfactory area

Question 29

Which functional area of the cerebral cortex is responsible for muscles of written + spoken language comprehension

Answer 29

Wernicke's Area

Question 30

Where does the initiation of our voluntary muscles come from in the brain?

Answer 30

Motor function area

Question 31

What are the 2 types of cells in the brain?

Answer 31

Nerve cells (neurones) Glia cells

Question 32

What do ALL neurones consist of?

Answer 32

Cell body Dendrites Axon

Question 33

How does a neuron convert information

Answer 33

Through electrical + chemical signals

Question 34

Purpose of dendrites on a neurone

Answer 34

Specialised to receive chemical signals from the axon termini of other neurones. They convert these intro smaller electric impulses + transmit them inward towards the cell body.

Question 35

What is the soma of a neurone?

Answer 35

The cell body of a neurone

Question 36

What does the soma/cell body of a neurone contain?

Answer 36

Nucleus Cytosol

Question 37

What is the axon hillock?

Answer 37

Specialised part of the cell body of a neuron that connects to the axon.

Question 38

Where is the initiation in action potentials in the neurone?

Answer 38

In the axon

Question 39

What is axoplasmic transport and what is it responsible for?

Answer 39

Cellular process Responsible for movement of mit, lipids, synaptic vesicles, proteins + other organelles to and from a neurons cell body. Through the cytoplasm of its axon = the axoplasm.

Question 40

Anterograde transport

Answer 40

Transport in the neurone down to the axon tip. Made possible by kinesis protein

Question 41

Retrorade transport

Answer 41

Transport in the neurone back to the cell body. Made possible by the dynein protein.

Question 42

What is resting membrane potential based on?

Answer 42

Conc. of ions inside + outside of cell.

Question 43

Describe distribution of ions during resting membrane potential

Answer 43

More sodium ions (Na+) OUTSIDE More potassium ions (K+) INSIDE.

Question 44

What are APs?

Answer 44

Temporary shift from negative membrane potential to positive. Caused by ions flowing in + out of neuron.

Question 44

What are APs?

Answer 44

Temporary shift from negative membrane potential to positive. Caused by ions flowing in + out of neuron.

Question 45

What state are the gated channels in before an AP occurs?

Answer 45

All gated sodium + potassium channels are closed.

Question 46

What are the 2 types of synapses

Answer 46

Electrical - Mostly bidirectional Chemical

Question 47

How much wider is a chemical synapse to an electrical one?

Answer 47

~10 times wider

Question 48

What are the 2 types of snare proteins in exocytosis?

Answer 48

V-Snare - Vesicle snare proteins T-Snare - Ones found on the cell membrane.

Question 49

SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION - MUSCLE CONTRACTION Step 1

Answer 49

Nerve impulse arrives at terminal of motor neurone. ACh leaves neuron via exocytosis.

Question 50

SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION - MUSCLE CONTRACTION Step 2 What happens to the ACh

Answer 50

Diffuses across synaptic cleft Triggers AP.

Question 51

SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION - MUSCLE CONTRACTION Step 3

Answer 51

Muscle AP travels along transverse tubule = opens Ca2+ channels in SR = Ca2+ into sarcoplasm.

Question 52

SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION - MUSCLE CONTRACTION Step 4

Answer 52

Ca2+ binds to troponin = exposing binding sites for myosin.

Question 53

SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION - MUSCLE CONTRACTION Step 5

Answer 53

Myosin heads bind to actin + initiate power stroke

Question 54

SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION - MUSCLE CONTRACTION Step 6

Answer 54

Ca2+ release channels in SR close + Ca2+ AT pumps use ATP to restore low level of Ca2+ in sarcoplasm.

Question 55

What are most NTs

Answer 55

aa Amines (derived from aa) Peptides

Question 56

List the NT groups

Answer 56

Cholinergic Neurons Catecholaminergic Neurones Serotonergic Neurons Amino Acidergic neurons

Question 57

What are cholinergic Neurons

Answer 57

Nerve cells that mainly use ACh to send its messages.

Question 58

What enzyme is needed to synthesise cholinergic Neurons?

Answer 58

Choline Acetyltransferase

Question 59

How is ACh synthesised?

Answer 59

Acetyl-CoA + Choline | Choline Acetyltransferase

Question 60

Which enzymes break down ACh?

Answer 60

Acetylcholine esterase

Question 61

Name the precursor to catecholaminergic neurons

Answer 61

Tyrosine

Question 62

Where does serotonin come from?

Answer 62

Tryptophan

Question 63

Process of tryptophan to serotonin

Answer 63

Tryptophan --(Tryptophan hydroxylase)--> 5-HTP --(Decarboxylase)--> Serotonin

Question 64

What can low levels of serotonin lead to?

Answer 64

Overproduction of dopamine

Question 65

What is our memory NT?

Answer 65

Glutamate

Question 66

What is our calming NT?

Answer 66

Gammaminobutyric acid

Question 67

List some measurement tools for NM function

Answer 67

Dynamometer Magnetic Stimulation Electrical Stimulation Electromyography

Question 68

What is a dynamometer used to measure?

Answer 68

Force or strength

Question 69

What does electromyography measure?

Answer 69

Changes in electrical potential of a muscle. Can do on the surface of skin or intramuscularly

Question 70

What is the M wave usually responding to?

Answer 70

Electrical stimulation

Question 71

What is the M wave representing?

Answer 71

Summation of the muscle AP | == Compound muscle AP CAMP

Question 72

Difference between motor evoked potential + the m wave

Answer 72

Motor evoked potential is when we elicit stimulation from the motor cortex. M wave is elicited from nerve or directly from muscle.

Question 73

What are the 3 main types of measurements that can be taken in NMF measurements?

Answer 73

Excitability Contractility Voluntary Activation

Question 74

What would come under the excitability measurement?

Answer 74

M-wave amplitude M-wave area

Question 75

What would come under the contractility measurement?

Answer 75

Twitch force Time to peak twitch Half relaxation time Electromechanical delay

Question 76

What do cholinergic Neurons do?

Answer 76

Provide the primary source of ACh to the cerebral cortex + promote cortical activation during wakefulness + rapid eye movement sleep.