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E.P > Resp. Physiology & Exercise > Flashcards

Resp. Physiology & Exercise Flashcards

1
Q

Breathing is controlled by what in the brain?

A

Apneustic + pneumotaxic areas

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2
Q

An FVC manoeuvre allows you to estimate the peak expiratory flow rate. We can traditionally do this by placing which two variables on the X and Y axes?

A

X - Time; Y - Volume

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3
Q

What comes under the structural anatomy of the lungs

A

Upper resp tract

Lower resp tract

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4
Q

What comes under the functional anatomy of the lungs

A

Conduction zone

Respiratory zone

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5
Q

What comes under the upper respiratory tract

A

Nose

Nasal cavity

Mouth

Pharynx

Larynx

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6
Q

What is Adams apple known as?

A

Laryngeal prominence

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7
Q

Is laryngeal prominence restricted to just males??

A

No

It’s just larger + more visible in males

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8
Q

What is the laryngeal prominence exactly?

A

Thyroid cartilage surrounding the larynx.

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9
Q

Function of the laryngeal prominence

A

Protects the front of the larynx

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10
Q

Why is the LEFT main bronchus slightly more lateral than the right?

A

To prevent choking

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11
Q

How many lobes are found in the RIGHT lung and what are they?

A

3

Upper, middle + lower lobes

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12
Q

How many lobes are found in the LEFT lung and what are they called?

A

2

Upper + lower lobes

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13
Q

What are some of the types of cells found in the alveoli?

A

Macrophages

Type 1 cell

Type 2 cell

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14
Q

Purpose of Type 1 cells

A

Form continuous lining surrounding alveoli

Main site of GE

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15
Q

Purpose of Type 2 cells

A

Contain microvilli which secrete alveolar fluid to ⬇️ tendency for the alveolus to collapse = SURFACTANT

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16
Q

Purpose of both Type 1 + Type 2 cells together

A

Aid in optimising cond for GE

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17
Q

Where can the respiratory control centres be found in the brain?

A

Pons Area

Medulla Rhythmicity Area

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18
Q

What comes under the Pons Area?

A

Apneustic centre/area

Pneumotaxic centre/area

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19
Q

What comes under the Medulla Rhythmicity Area?

A

Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)

Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)

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20
Q

List the main nerves for breathing

A

Phrenic nerve

Intercostal nerve

Vagus nerve

Glossopharyngeal nerve

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21
Q

What root does the phrenic nerve have?

A

C3-C5 Root

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22
Q

What root does the intercostal nerve have?

A

T1-T11 Root

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23
Q

What root does the vagus nerve have?

24
Q

What root does the glossopharyngeal nerve have?

25
What are the main receptors involved in breathing?
Chemoreceptors Mechanoreceptors Irritant receptors Peripheral proprioceptors
26
What are the main muscles involved in breathing?
Accessory muscles Diaphragm Intercostal muscles Abdominal muscles
27
Which muscle works the most in breathing?
Diaphragm - Takes about 75% of the work for breathing.
28
Equation for boyles law
P ∝ 1/V
29
Where is Elastin found?
In alveoli
30
What is elastin?
Structural proteins wrapped around the outside of the alveoli.
31
Overview of exhalation during exercise
Active process Internal intercostals External obliques Rectus abdominus Transverse abdominus
32
PONS Purpose of the Apneustic area/centre
Prolongs + slows rate of breathing. Stimulates the insp. neurones found in the DRG + VRG.
33
PONS What can overstimulation of the apneustic area/centre cause?
Apneustic breathing = long gasping inspirations interrupted by occasional expirations.
34
PONS Purpose of the pneumotaxic centre/area
Tune the transition of inhaling + exhaling. ⬆️ signals from here ⬆️ resp rate. BUT --> Weak signals from here prolongs the insp rate + ⬆️ TV. Also sends inhibitory signals to the insp centre of the medulla to control insp time.
35
PONS What does a non-functioning pneumotaxic area/centre mean?
No smooth transition between inhaling + exhaling.
36
Where is the Medulla Rhythmicity Area found?
Medulla oblongata
37
What does the Medulla Rhythmicity Area control?
Basic rate of breathing
38
Medulla Rhythmicity Area What does the DRG contain?
Mainly insp neurones located bilaterally w/in the medulla.
39
Medulla Rhythmicity Area DRG What do its insp neurones do?
Send impulses to motor nerves of diaphragm + external intercostal muscles.
40
Medulla Rhythmicity Area Purpose of the DRG
Controls the basic rhythm of breathing by triggering insp impulses.
41
Which extends into which? DRG + VRG
DRG extends into the VRG. VRG does NOT extend into DRG.
42
Medulla Rhythmicity Area What does the VRG contain?
BOTH insp + exp neurones.
43
Medulla Rhythmicity Area When is the VRG primarily active?
During exercise + stress
44
Where do the vagus + glossopharyngeal nerves bring sensory impulses into the DRG from?
Lungs Airways Peripheral chemoreceptors Joint proprioceptors
45
Medulla Rhythmicity Area Where does the VRG send insp impulses to?
Laryngeal + pharyngeal muscles, diaphragm + external intercostals.
46
Medulla Rhythmicity Area Where does the VRG send exp impulses to?
Abdominal + internal intercostal muscles.
47
Central chemoreceptors
Exercise ⬆️ CO2 prod. H+ can't pass across blood brain barrier into CSF. -- BUT --> CO2 can diffuse across. Once CO2 in CSF: - Combines w/ H20 via carbonic anhydrase = Carbonic acid. - Carbonic acid dissociates into bicarb + H+. H+ in CSF is sensed by the central chemoreceptors which then send signals to the DRG + the pneumotaxic region.
48
Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors found?
Carotid body Aortic body
49
What can glomus cells respond to?
⬆️ PCO2 ⬇️ PO2
50
What do glomus cells have?
K+ channels so K+ leaks out of cell - NOT a problem.
51
What keeps the K+ channels open in the glomus cell?
O2
52
What happens with the glomus cell when there's low O2 i.e due to exercise?
It's K+ channels close = ⬆️ conc of K+ in cell. = Membrane depolarises Ca2+ channels open = Ca2+ enter cell. Exocytosis of dopamine across + OUT of cell.
53
FVC (Force vital capacity) Manoeuvre
A deep inspiration then a forced expiration.
54
Maximum voluntary ventilation
Rapid deep breathing for 15 seconds
55
Problems with Maximum voluntary ventilation
Can make some very light headed

E.P (9 decks)

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