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predisposing factors of RA
Genetic Factors: Family history, specific genes such as HLA-DR4.
Sex: More common in females.
Age: Usually develops between 40 and 60 years.
Smoking: Increases risk and severity.
Hormonal Factors: Possible link with hormonal changes in women.
precipitating factors of RA
Infections: Some bacterial and viral infections may trigger RA.
Stress: Physical or emotional stress.
Hormonal Changes: Pregnancy, menopause.
Environmental Factors: Exposure to pollutants or occupational hazards.
Symptoms of RA
Tender, warm, swollen joints
Join stiffness that is usually worse in the mornings and after inactivity
Fatigue
Fever
Loss of appetite
Rheumatoid nodules
Tests for RA
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) tests - elevated
Rheumatoid factor - present
Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibody test - present
X-ray - inflammation of the joints
MRI - bone marrow edema, tendon inflammation
predisposing for T1DM
Genetic Factors: Family history, specific genes like HLA-DR3 and HLA-DR4.
Autoimmune Conditions: Family history of other autoimmune diseases.
Ethnicity: More common in people of Northern European descent.
precipitating for T1DM
Viral Infections: Coxsackievirus, rubella, mumps.
Environmental Factors: Early exposure to cow’s milk or lack of breastfeeding.
Stress: Physical or emotional stress.
symptoms of T1DM
Increased thirst
Frequent urination
Extreme hunger
Unintended weight loss
Mood changes (feeling irritable)
Fatigue and weakness
Blurred vision
tests for T1DM
HbA1C - 6.5% or higher
Random blood sugar test - 11.1mmol/L or higher
Fasting blood sugar test - 7 mmol/L or higher
Insulin autoantibody test - present
predisposing for MS
Genetic Factors: Family history, specific genes like HLA-DRB1.
Sex: More common in females.
Age: Typically diagnosed between 20 and 50 years.
Ethnicity: More common in Caucasians, particularly of Northern European descent.
Geographic Location: Higher prevalence in temperate climates.
precipitating for MS
Infections: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection.
Vitamin D Deficiency: Low levels of vitamin D.
Smoking: Increases risk and progression.
Stress: Physical or emotional stress.
Hormonal Factors: Fluctuations in hormones, particularly in women.
symptoms of MS
Numbness or weakness in one or more limbs
Partial or complete loss of vision, often with pain during eye movement.
Blurry vision
Tingling or pain in parts of the body
Tremor, lack of coordination, or unsteady gait
Fatigue
Vertigo, dizziness.
tests for MS
Lumbar puncture - antibodies that are associated with MS
MRI - lesions on the brain
Evoked potential tests - delayed travel of information in nerve pathways
predisposing for psoriatic arthritis
Predisposing Factors:
Genetic Factors: Family history, specific genes like HLA-Cw6.
Ethnicity: More common in Caucasians.
Age: Can develop at any age but often appears between 30 and 50 years.
Obesity: Higher risk of developing psoriatic arthritis.
precipitating for psoriatic arthritis
Infections: Streptococcal throat infections.
Skin Trauma: Injury or trauma to the skin (Koebner phenomenon).
Stress: Physical or emotional stress.
Smoking and Alcohol: Can trigger or worsen symptoms.
Medications: Certain medications like lithium, beta-blockers.
symptoms of psoriatic arthritis
Red patches of skin covered with silvery scales
Dry, cracked skin that may bleed
Skin itching, burning, or soreness
Swollen and stiff joints
Joint pain
Nail changes, such as pitting or separation from the nail bed
Eye pain, redness, blurry vision.
tests for psoriatic arthritis
Skin biopsy - psoriasis
X-ray - inflammation of the joints
MRI - bone marrow edema, tendon inflammation
predisposing for SLE
Genetic Factors: Family history, specific genes like HLA-DR2 and HLA-DR3.
Sex: More common in females.
Age: Typically diagnosed between 15 and 45 years.
Ethnicity: More common in African Americans, Hispanics, and Asians.
precipitating for SLE
Infections: Viral infections such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV).
Sunlight: UV radiation exposure.
Hormonal Factors: Pregnancy, menstruation.
Medications: Certain medications can induce lupus-like symptoms (drug-induced lupus).
Stress: Physical or emotional stress.
symptoms of SLE
Fatigue
Fever
Joint pain, stiffness, and swelling
Butterfly-shaped rash on the face
Skin lesions that worsen with sun exposure
Shortness of breath
Chest pain
Headaches, confusion and memory loss.
tests for SLE
Blood test
CBC - low RBC, low WBC, low platelet
ESR - elevated
Antinuclear antibody (ANA) test - positive
Urinalysis - increased protein level or RBC in the urine
Chest X-ray - fluid or inflammation in the lungs
