Nomenclature And Isomerism In Organic Compounds 2.2

Question 1

What is nomenclature in chemistry?

Answer 1

The name that chemists use to name compounds

Question 2

What does isomerism refer to?

Answer 2

The fact that some compounds can have different structures even though they have the same formula

Question 3

What is organic chemistry?

Answer 3

Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-based compounds.

Question 4

What is a carbon skeleton?

Answer 4

A carbon skeleton is a chain or ring of carbon atoms formed by strong covalent bonds.

Question 5

What types of covalent bonds can carbon form?

Answer 5

Carbon can form single, double, and triple covalent bonds with itself.

Question 6

What is a hydrocarbon?

Answer 6

A hydrocarbon is a compound that consists of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms.

Question 7

What are functional groups?

Answer 7

Functional groups are reactive groups within a compound that determine its chemical reactions.

Question 8

What is the significance of functional groups in organic compounds?

Answer 8

The chemistry of an organic compound is determined by its functional group.

Question 9

What is a homologous series?

Answer 9

A homologous series contains compounds with the same general formula and similar chemical properties.

Question 10

How do successive members of a homologous series differ?

Answer 10

Successive members of a homologous series differ by a CH₂ unit.

Question 11

What is a structural formula?

Answer 11

A structural formula shows all of the bonds present in an organic molecule.

Question 12

What is a skeletal formula?

Answer 12

A skeletal formula represents the basic carbon skeleton of a molecule.

Question 13

How are organic molecules named?

Answer 13

Organic molecules are named according to rules devised by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).

Question 14

What is the first step in naming an organic molecule?

Answer 14

Identify and number the longest continuous carbon chain.

Question 15

What does the first part of the main name indicate?

Answer 15

It indicates the number of carbon atoms in the longest chain: meth (1), eth (2), prop (3), but (4), pent (5), hex (6).

Question 16

What is considered when naming the compound?

Answer 16

Specific functional groups attached to the longest carbon chain are identified and give the main name of the compound.

Question 17

How are substituent groups numbered?

Answer 17

Atoms or groups bonded to the carbon backbone are numbered based on the carbon atom(s) to which they are bonded, ensuring the lowest number possible for substituent groups.

Question 18

Where are substituent groups placed in the name?

Answer 18

Substituent groups are included at the start of the name.

Question 19

What punctuation is used to link numbers and letters in a name?

Answer 19

Hyphens are used to link a number and letter.

Question 20

What punctuation is used between numbers in a name?

Answer 20

Commas are used between numbers.

Question 21

What are structural isomers?

Answer 21

Structural isomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula but a different structural formula.

Question 22

What is geometric isomerism?

Answer 22

Geometric isomerism is a type of stereoisomerism that arises due to restricted rotation around a carbon-carbon double bond, leading to different three-dimensional arrangements.

Question 23

When does geometric isomerism occur?

Answer 23

Geometric isomerism occurs if there are two different atoms or groups on each of the carbons in the double bond.

Question 24

When are the prefixes cis and trans used?

Answer 24

The prefixes cis and trans are usually used when there are two hydrogens and two of the same non-hydrogen groups attached to each carbon.

Question 25

What does the term cis indicate?

Answer 25

Cis is used when the non-hydrogen groups/atoms are on the same side of the C=C bond.

Question 26

What does the term trans indicate?

Answer 26

Trans is used when the non-hydrogen groups/atoms are on opposite sides of the C=C bond.

Question 27

What terms are used when different groups are attached?

Answer 27

The terms E and Z are used when different groups are attached.

Question 28

What does the term Z indicate?

Answer 28

Z is used when higher priority groups/atoms are on the same side of the C=C bond.

Question 29

What does the term E indicate?

Answer 29

E is used when higher priority groups/atoms are on the opposite side of the C=C bond.

Question 30

How is priority determined for E and Z nomenclature?

Answer 30

Priority is determined by atomic number; the higher the atomic number of the atom bonded to the C of C=C, the higher the priority.

Question 31

What if the two atoms bonded to the C atom are the same?

Answer 31

If the two atoms are the same, the total of the atomic numbers of the next atoms gives the priority.

Question 32

Give an example of priority based on atomic numbers.

Answer 32

C2H5 > CH3 > H ## Footnote This indicates that C2H5 has the highest priority, followed by CH3, then H.

Question 33

What is another example of atomic number priority?

Answer 33

I > Br > Cl > F > C > H ## Footnote This shows the order of priority based on atomic numbers from highest to lowest.

Question 34

What are geometric isomers?

Answer 34

Molecules with the same structural formula, but different arrangement of atoms due to the presence of a C=C bond