non-communicable disease Flashcards
(25 cards)
risk factors associated with cancer
-smoking
-sunlight
-radiation
-alcohol
-diet
risk factors asociated with CHD
-high blood pressure
-smoking
-obesity
-inactivity
correlation vs cause
-correlation: two things change together but one doesnt necessarily cause the other
-cause:proven link with strong scientific evidence
what is cancer
-uncontrolled cell growth, can invade nearby tissues and spread (metastasis)
-caused by mutations in:
->oncogenes: promote cell division when mutated/overactive)
->tumours supressor genes(TSG): normally slow division -mutations disable them
what are treatments for cancer
-drugs stop cancer cells dividing by:
->inhibiting enzymes like DNA helicase or polymerase
->blocking spindle formation
-early detection is the key to successful treatment (e.g. regular screening)
Describe breast cancer
-2nd most common cancer worldwide (after lung)
-risk increase with family history
-screened with mammograms (age 50-74), suspicious tissue may be biopsied
-screening effectiveness is debated
-symptoms: breast discharge, nipple inversion, change in skin of breast
-prevention and treatment: routine self examination of breasts for lumps; mastectomy; chemotherapy
describe cervical cancer
-linked to HPV infection
-symptoms: vaginal bleeding after menopause; foul smelling vaginal discharge; persistant lower back pain
treatmentand preventions: vaccinations against HPV virus; smear tests ; surgery
describe prostate cancer
-most common in men (1 in 14 risk)
-risk increases with age, genetics, diet, ethnicity (african-american)
-symptoms: frequent urination, painful ejaculation, back/hip pain
-treatment and detection: PSA blood test and physical exam. treated with surgery, radiotherapy or monitoring
describe colon cancer
-3rd leading cause of cancer death in the west
-causes: alcohol, age, obesity
treatment and detection:
-screening stools (for blood + shape change)
-regular screening for over 40s
-high fibre diet + red meat assumtion
-females put on HRT to slow progression
- surgery (colectomy)
describe bronchitis
-acute = from infections (most viral)
-chronic = from pollutants (e.g. smoking = 50x higher risk)
symptoms: cough, phlegm, wheezing, reduced oxygen exchange
causes: smoking, pollution, infection, allergens
treatment: stop smoking. -if cysts form then surgery
describe emphysema
-caused by smoking and air pollution
-breakdown of alveolar wall leads to formation of large air spaces –> decrease SA and gas exhange. lungs lose elasticty + no. of blood vessels reduced.
symptoms: shortness of breath; chronic cough; bluish skin from low O2
treatment: inhalers to open airways (steriod and bronchodilator inhalers)
describe asthma
-bronchioles narrow due to irriation (dust, smoke, pollen)
-mucus overproduced + inflammation blocks airflow
symptoms: wheezing, breathlessness, tight chest, cough
treatment:
-bronchodilators (e.g salbutamol) for quick relief.
-steriods (e.g fluticasone) reduce inflammation
describe pulmonary fibrosis
-lung scarring: thicker alveoli walls = slower gas exchange
-less elasticity = hard to breathe out
symptoms:
-shortness of breath (esp during exercise)
-dry cough and chest pain
-fatigue (less o2 = less respiration)
describe cardiovascular disease (CVD)
damage to lining of artery, which causes build up of cholestrol which form plaques in lumen narrowing it so blood flow decreases + blood pressure increases
Describe thrombosis
-blood clot (thrombus) inside vessel
-can reduce/stop blood flow –> tissue dies
->in brain = stroke
->in heart = heart attack
describe aneurysm
-artery wall weakens and swells (balloon-like bulge)
-can burst causinh haemorrhages
-brain aneurysm = cerebrovascular accident (stroke)
define genetic diseases and give an example of each
-caused by gene or chromosome mutations.
-gene mutation: cystic fibrosis (faulty CFTR protein), PKU (enzyme defiency)
chromosal mutation: changes chromosome structure/number (e.g down syndrome = extra chromosome 21 from non- disjunction)
explain down syndrome
-caused by trisomy 21 (extra chromosome)
symptoms: cognitive delay, broad flat face, shorter lifespan, risk of infection inc
explain turner’s syndrome
-female has only one X chromosome
-symptoms: small uterus, no ovaries so infertile
-treated with growth hormone and oestrogen
explain klinefelter’s syndrome
-male has extra X chromosome (XXY)
-symptoms: small testes, reduced fertility
explain cystic fibrosis
-recessive disorder affecting CFTR protein
->Cl- remains in cell due to CFTR
->Na+ enter cell to balance negative charge
-> high ion conc prevents water leaving cell
->leads to secretion of abnormally thick + sticky mucus which affects epithelail cells in lungs and pancreas
-can lead to infertility
-physio & enzyme supplements help manage
explain sickle cell anaemia
-caused by substitution mutation (glutamic acid –>valine in Hb)
-RBCs become sickle shaped –>block capillaries
-symptoms: anaemia, pain, organ damage
-heterzygotes (carriers) mostly unaffected,
- have malaria resistance
explain PKU
-cant convert phenylalanine to tyrosine
-build up of toxic phenylpyruvic acid
-causes brain damage if untreated
-detected by heel prick test (day 4 after birth)
-controlled by low-phenylaline diet
explain thalassaemia
autosomal recessive condition –> not enough haemoglobin
three types:
-thalassaemia minor: one B globin allele is mutated, causes mild anaemia
-thalassaemia major: both alleles mutated causes severe anaemia -needs regular blood transfusions
-thalassaemia intermedia: in between minor and major. may need occasional blood transfusions
symptoms: fatigue, slow growth, dark urine, facial bone deformity
treatment: iron supplement, thalidomide.
-also provides malaria resistance (like sickle cell)
