non-renal tumours Flashcards
(26 cards)
what are most prostate cancers
multifocal adenocarcinomas
how are prostate cancers graded
Gleason’s scoring
what re the symptoms of prostate cancers
usually asymptomatic
bone pain
weight loss/anorexia
haematuria/haematospermia
what are the investigations of prostate cancers
PR
PSA
transrectal US ± biopsy
staging: bone scan/MRI/CT
when would PSA be raised
cancer, benign prosatic hyperplasic, UTIs, retention, catheter, spirolactone, PR exam
what is the treatment of prostate cancers
watch and wait
surgery = transurethral resection
radiotherapy ± neo-adjuvant hormone therapy
who is affected by bladder cancer
middle ages - elderly
what are the two types of bladder cancer
transitional cell carcinoma
uroepithelial tumour
what are the types of transitional cell carcinoma
papillary (80%)
non-papillary
what are the types of uroepithelial tumour
transitional (90%)
squamous = calcified
urachal
what are the investigations of bladder cancer
Excretory urogram
Sonography
Retrograde pyelogram
CT = diagnosis
what is Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans, what is it also know as
pre-malignant cutaneous lesion on the penis
lichen sclerosus
what are the symptoms of Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans
white patches
fissuring/bleeding/scarring
phimsos
paraphinomsis
what is the treatment of Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans
circumcision
meatal stenosis requiring dilation
glans resurfacing
what are the symptoms of squamous cell carcinoma in situ of the penis
erythroplasia of queyrat (redness)
Bowen’s disease
red velvety patches
what is the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma in situ of the penis
circumcision = if only on prepuce
topical 5 fluorouracil
what are the symptoms of squamous cell carcinoma of the penis
red, raised area
foul-smeling, fungating mass
phimosis
what is the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the penis
surgery = total/partial penectomy
lymphadenectomy
radiotherapy
what are the two types of testicular cancer, what type is most common
seminoma = most common
non-seminoma
who is affected by seminoma
40ish
describe seminoma
solid, cut potato
spreads via lymph
what re the symptoms of testicular cancer
painless, insensitive swelling within testis
metastasis = neck swelling, dyspnoea
what are the investigations of testicular cancer
US
CXR/CT = staging
tumour markers
what are the tumour markers of testicular cancer, what cancer type of they suggest
aFP = never raised in pure seminoma HCG = teratoma or choriocarcinoma LDH = any tumour
