Non-Ruminant Digestive System

Question 1

What is non-ruminant digestion?

Answer 1

When food is broken down by chemical enzymes

Pigs and Horses

Question 2

What forms the hard palate and what is it covered in?

Answer 2

The hard palate os formed by horizontal elects of the incisive, maxillary and palatine bones

It is covered by thick mucous membrane

Question 3

What is the soft palate compromised of?

Answer 3

The soft palate of compromised of muscle and mucosa

Question 4

Describe the structure of the tongue?

Answer 4

The tongue is a muscle which is covered with mucous membrane and is very mobile

It consists of 3 parts - the apex, body and root

The tongue is covered in papilla

Question 5

Where are taste buds found?

Answer 5

• tongue
• epiglottis
• pharynx
• soft palate
• larynx

Question 6

What is the function of saliva?

Answer 6

Saliva produces enzymes to aid in food breakdown

Question 7

Describe the structure of the pharynx?

Answer 7

• caudal to oral and nasal cavity
• has a mucous membrane lining and is muscular
• divided into the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

Question 8

What is the function of the pharynx?

Answer 8

The muscles on the walls are responsible for dividing food and air to the oesophagus and trachea

Question 9

Describe the structure of the oesophagus?

Answer 9

• muscular tube, lined with mucous membrane and is folded
• runs from pharynx, dorsal to the trachea
• it enters the thorax, continues between the trachea and the aorta through the oesophageal hiatus into the abdominal cavity where it joins the stomach

Question 10

Describe the structure of the stomach?

Answer 10

• simple stomach
• 1 compartment
• 4 sections (cardia, fundus, body, pylorus)

Question 11

What is the function of the stomach?

Answer 11

Food is digested by enzymes and hydrochloric acid before entering intestines for absorption

Question 12

What is the structure of the cardia?

Answer 12

• the walls of the cardia are thickened and form the cardiac sphincter
• located nearest to the heart

Question 13

What is the structure of the fundus?

Answer 13

• large bulge near to the cardia
• enlarged in the horse to form a blind sac, which is called the saccus cecus

Question 14

What is the body of the stomach?

Answer 14

The expansive part of the stomach

Question 15

What is the pylorus of the stomach?

Answer 15

• bound by the pyloric sphincter
• it regulates the outflow of the stomach

Question 16

What makes up the small intestine?

Answer 16

Duodenum

Jejunum

Ileum

Question 17

What is the duodenum of the SI?

Answer 17

• starts the the pylorus of the stomach
• ducts from pancreas and liver open into the duodenum

Question 18

What is the jejunum of the SI?

Answer 18

The longest part of the small intestine

Question 19

What is the ileum of the small intestine?

Answer 19

• the short final part
• mucous epithelium features lots of goblet cells and lymph nodules called the peyers patches

Question 20

What makes up the large intestine?

Answer 20

Caecum

Colon

Rectum

Anal canal

Question 21

What is the caecum of the LI?

Answer 21

The blind ending sac

Question 22

Describe the 3 parts of the colon?

Answer 22

Ascending

Transverse = runs from right to left side of abdomen

Descending = relatively straight and runs on left of the abdomen to the pelvic cavity where it ends at the rectum

Question 23

Pig - Describe their caecum?

Answer 23

• it is a moderately large sac
• it lies to the left of the midline

Question 24

Pig - Describe their ascending colon?

Answer 24

• it is a spinal arrangements of coils, which are arranged in a cone shape

Question 25

Pigs - Describe their transverse and descending colon, and their rectum?

Answer 25

- it runs from a spiral loop and crosses to the left of the abdomen - it becomes the descending colon and then onto the rectum

Question 26

Horse - Describe their large intestine?

Answer 26

They have a large and complex large intestine

Question 27

Horse - Do they have a rumen?

Answer 27

No

Question 28

Horse - Where does fermentation take place?

Answer 28

Fermentation takes place in the caecum

Question 29

Horse - Describe their caecum?

Answer 29

- it is a comma shaped structure that extends from the pelvic inlet to the floor of the abdominal cavity - it is the primary site of fermentation

Question 30

Horse - Describe their ascending colon?

Answer 30

- highly modified and large, divided into may sections - first part is horseshoe shaped - final part is called the right dorsal colon which becomes transverse colon as it crosses the midline back to the left of the abdomen

Question 31

Horse - Describe their descending colon?

Answer 31

- continuous with transverse colon - large diameter than the small intestine - ends in the pelvic cavity as the rectum

Question 32

What are the 4 accessory digestive organs?

Answer 32

- salivary glands - parotid - mandibular - sublingual

Question 33

What are the salivary glands?

Answer 33

Their are 3 main pairs

Question 34

What is the structure of the parotid?

Answer 34

- it is ventral to the ear, and caudal to the bottom of the mandible - ducts open near the 3rd/4th maxillary teeth

Question 35

What is the structure of the mandibular?

Answer 35

- it is ventral to the parotid gland - the ducts open under the tongue

Question 36

What is the structure of the sublingual?

Answer 36

- it is ventral side, lateral surface of the tongue

Question 37

What is the pancreas?

Answer 37

- it is a compound gland - it has endocrine and exocrine parts

Question 38

What is the function of the exocrine part of the pancreas?

Answer 38

- it produces sodium bicarbonate and digestive enzymes - it empties into the duodenum

Question 39

What is the function of the endocrine part of the pancreas?

Answer 39

- it produces glucagon and insulin which regular blood sugar levels

Question 40

Where is the liver located?

Answer 40

- it is located immediately caudal to the diaphragm, usually on the right side of the

Question 41

What are the 2 blood supplies for the liver?

Answer 41

Hepatic artery = supplies oxygen and nutrients Portal vein = blood from the stomach, spleen, pancreas and intestines

Question 42

What is the function of the gallbladder?

Answer 42

- storage of bile produced by the liver - no gallbladder in the horse