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YR1 LARGE ANIMAL > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

What are the terms for each male species when entire?

A

Horse = stallion

Cow = bull

Pig = boar

Sheep = ram

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2
Q

What are the terms for each species when castrated?

A

Horse = gelding

Cow = steer

Pig = barrow

Sheep = wether

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3
Q

What are the 8 structures of the male reproductive tract?

A
  • 2 testes
  • 2 epididymis
  • 2 ductus deferens
  • scrotum
  • accessory sex glands
  • urethra
  • penis
  • prepuce
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4
Q

What is the structure of the testes?

A
  • different position in each species
  • contains mass of seminiferous tubules separated by interstitial tissue
  • seminiferous tubules are lined with spermatogenic and are sertoli cells
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5
Q

Position of the testes in the bull?

A
  • near the sigmoid flexure of the sigmoid
  • scrotum is elongated and pendulous
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6
Q

Position of the testes in the boar?

A
  • caudal to the sigmoid flexure just ventral to the anus described as being perineal
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7
Q

Position of the testes in the horse?

A
  • the long axis of each testis is virtually horizontal
  • testes are held close to the abdominal wall
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8
Q

What is the descent of testes?

A
  • usually complete by birth or very soon after
  • the testes is guided down into the scrotum via a fibrous cordlike structure called the gubernaculum
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9
Q

What is it called where an animals testes fail to descend?

A
  • cryptorchid
  • likely to be heritable and they can develop abdominal tumours so advised to be castrated and retained testical removed
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10
Q

What 4 male structures are in a similar location in each species?

A
  • epididymis
  • ductus deferens
  • scrotum
  • inguinal canal
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11
Q

What are the 4 accessory glands?

A
  • ampullae
  • vesicular glands
  • prostate gland
  • bulbourethral gland
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12
Q

What is the ampullae?

A
  • enlargement of the last part of the ductus deferens
  • well developed in the stallion, bull and ram
  • not present in the boar
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13
Q

What is the vesicular gland?

A
  • paired glands
  • pear shaped and hollow in the stallion
  • in the bull, ram and boar are lobulated and of a considerable size
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14
Q

What is the prostate gland?

A
  • unpaired gland which surrounds the urethra and has multiple ducts which empty into the urethra
  • produces an alkaline solution that gives semen its characteristics smell
  • heart shaped in boar
  • h shaped in stallion
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15
Q

What is the bulbourethral gland?

A
  • paired glands on either side of the urethra just cranial to the ischial arch
  • these are very large in the boar
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16
Q

Structure of the penis in the stallion?

A
  • musculocavernous penis
  • has a predominance of blood sinuses instead of connective tissue
  • the stallions penis is flaccid when not erect
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17
Q

Structure of the penis in ruminants and pigs?

A
  • fibroelastic penis
  • the trabeculae of the tunica albuginea make up the bulk of the penis which makes the penis firm even when not erect
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18
Q

What is the structure of the glans penis in the bull and ram?

A
  • have a helmet shaped glans
  • the external opening of the bull opens into a twisted groove
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19
Q

What is the structure of the glans penis in the boar?

A
  • small
  • has a twisted end
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20
Q

What is the urethral process and which species is it present in?

A
  • a free portion for the urethra that project beyond the glans
  • the stallion and ram
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21
Q

What is the structure of the prepuce in the stallion?

A
  • double fold so 2 layers surround the penis when it is retracted
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22
Q

What is the structure of the prepuce in the boar?

A
  • has a pouch dorsal to the prenuptial orifice
  • the pouch collects urine, secretions and dead cells, which contribute to the distinctive smell of the boar
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23
Q

What are the terms given to each female of the species?

A

Horse = mare

Cow = cow

Pig = sow

Sheep = ewe

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24
Q

What are the 3 functions of the female reproductive tract?

A
  • produce ova and deliver to the site of fertilisation
  • provide an environment for the development and growth of the embryo
  • expel the foetus at birth
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25
What 5 structures make up the feral reproductive tract?
- 2 ovaries - 2 oviducts - uterus (uterine horns, body and cervix) - vagina - vulva
26
What is the structure of the ovaries in cow and ewes?
- oval in shape
27
What is the structure of the ovaries in the mare?
- bean shaped
28
What is the structure of the ovaries in sows?
- can appear lobulated due to the fact that many ova develop at the same time
29
What is the function of the oviducts?
- they transport the ova from the ovaries to the uterine horns - site of fertilisation
30
What is structure of the oviducts?
- they are paired convoluted tubes - the end of the oviduct nearest to the ovary is funnel shaped and is called the infundibulum - they are lined with mucus membrane
31
What makes up the uterus?
- the cervix - a uterine body - 2 uterine horns
32
What is the function of the vagina?
- the birth canal through which the foetus is delivered at parturition - receives the penis during mating
33
Where is the vestibule located?
- the area between the vagina and the vulva
34
Where is the start of the vestibule marked?
- it is marked by the external urethral orifice, which is where the urethra opens in to the reproductive tract
35
What is the suburethral diverticulum and which species is it present?
- the short blind ending sac which is just ventral to the opening of the urethra - pigs and cows
36
What is the vulva?
- the external genitalia of the female
37
What is the perineum?
- the area surrounding the anus and vulva
38
Where should the vulva be located and why is this important?
- it should sit ventrally and vertically in line with the anus - this allows faeces to drop clear away from the vulva which will stop any infection harbouring there
39
What are the mammary glands?
- modified sudoriferous glands - they produce milk for offspring nourishment
40
What is colostrum?
- the first milk produced on delivery of newborns - important for survival and provide temporary immune protection
41
What is polyoestrous?
- animal that continuously cycle throughout the year
42
What is seasonally polyoestrous?
- animal with oestrous cycles that occur during certain seasons of the year, this depends on daylight
43
When are cows breeding seasons?
- non seasonally polyoestrous - they come into oestrus all year round
44
What are mares breeding seasons?
- seasonally polyoestrous - they come into oestrous at specific times of the year - mares are long day breeders which means they start to come into season during spring/summer
45
What are sows breeding seasons?
- polyoestrous with a period of lactation all anoestrus, which will last until the piglets are weaned - hormonal changes do not respond to the changing seasons in the sow so she will continue to cycle throughout the year - sows are spontaneous ovulators
46
What are ewes breeding seasons?
- seasonally polyoestrous - sheep are short day breeders, she will cycle in response to shorter hours for daylight - some breeds are less seasonal and breed all year round
47
What are the 4 stages of the oestrous cycle?
Pro-oestrus Oestrus Met oestrus Di-oestrus or Anoestrus
48
What happens during pro oestrus?
- the building up phase - ovarian follicle develops under the influence of follicle stimulating hormone and leutenising hormone - as the follicle develops it secretes oestrogen
49
What happens during oestrus?
- period of sexual receptivity - females should stand for mating - oestrogen levels remain high and some progesterone is released - a surge of leutenising hormone is reposnsible for the rupture of the ovarian follicle and release of the ovum
50
What happens during met-oestrus?
- begins once sexual receptivity ends - corpus luteum forms at the site of the ruptured follicle - oestrogen levels fall, swelling will reduce at this stage - corpus luteum releases progesterone
51
What happens during di oestrus?
- in polyoestrous animals a short period of inactivity follows met, oestrus before they return to pro oestrus
52
What happens during anoestrus?
- no sexual or hormonal activity - normally animals with long oestrus cycles
53
What are mares oestrus table of events?
Onset of puberty = 18 months Age at first service = 2 to 3 years Oestrus cycle = 21 days Oestrus = 6 days Gestation = 336 days
54
What are cows oestrus table of events?
Onset of puberty = 1 to 2 years Age at first service = 1 to 2 years Oestrus cycle = 21 days Oestrus = 18 hours Gestation = 282 days
55
What are ewes oestrus table of events?
Onset of puberty = 8 months Age at first service = 1 to 1.5 years Oestrus cycle = 17 days Oestrus = 1 to 2 days Gestation = 150 days
56
What are sows oestrus table of events?
Onset of puberty = 7 months Age at first service = 8 to 10 months Oestrus cycle = 21 days Oestrus = 2 days Gestation = 114 days
57
What are the 3 cow breeding facts?
- ovulation occurs 10 to 14 hours following oestrus - artificial insemination takes place 12 hours after oestrus - bovine sperm needs to be in the uterus for 6 hours
58
What are the 4 sheep breeding facts?
- oestrus normally lasts 30 hours - ovulation occurs near the end of oestrus - 2 to 3 ovulations may occur hence twins or triplets - best time to breed is mid to late oestrus
59
What are the 5 pig breeding facts?
- 10 to 25 ova are shed - ovulation occurs in the later part of oestrus - sows can exhibit oestrus post parturition most are infertile - oestrus post weaning occurs 7 to 9 days after - oestrus post weaning 65 hours
60
What are the 4 horse breeding facts
- prostaglandins can cause mild colic - pg can be used to induce season, should come into season within 2 to 4 days - foaling heat, first season post foaling lasts 2 to 3 days - hormonal changes are important

YR1 LARGE ANIMAL (9 decks)

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