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YR1 LARGE ANIMAL > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the terms for each male species when entire?

A

Horse = stallion

Cow = bull

Pig = boar

Sheep = ram

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2
Q

What are the terms for each species when castrated?

A

Horse = gelding

Cow = steer

Pig = barrow

Sheep = wether

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3
Q

What are the 8 structures of the male reproductive tract?

A
  • 2 testes
  • 2 epididymis
  • 2 ductus deferens
  • scrotum
  • accessory sex glands
  • urethra
  • penis
  • prepuce
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4
Q

What is the structure of the testes?

A
  • different position in each species
  • contains mass of seminiferous tubules separated by interstitial tissue
  • seminiferous tubules are lined with spermatogenic and are sertoli cells
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5
Q

Position of the testes in the bull?

A
  • near the sigmoid flexure of the sigmoid
  • scrotum is elongated and pendulous
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6
Q

Position of the testes in the boar?

A
  • caudal to the sigmoid flexure just ventral to the anus described as being perineal
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7
Q

Position of the testes in the horse?

A
  • the long axis of each testis is virtually horizontal
  • testes are held close to the abdominal wall
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8
Q

What is the descent of testes?

A
  • usually complete by birth or very soon after
  • the testes is guided down into the scrotum via a fibrous cordlike structure called the gubernaculum
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9
Q

What is it called where an animals testes fail to descend?

A
  • cryptorchid
  • likely to be heritable and they can develop abdominal tumours so advised to be castrated and retained testical removed
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10
Q

What 4 male structures are in a similar location in each species?

A
  • epididymis
  • ductus deferens
  • scrotum
  • inguinal canal
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11
Q

What are the 4 accessory glands?

A
  • ampullae
  • vesicular glands
  • prostate gland
  • bulbourethral gland
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12
Q

What is the ampullae?

A
  • enlargement of the last part of the ductus deferens
  • well developed in the stallion, bull and ram
  • not present in the boar
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13
Q

What is the vesicular gland?

A
  • paired glands
  • pear shaped and hollow in the stallion
  • in the bull, ram and boar are lobulated and of a considerable size
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14
Q

What is the prostate gland?

A
  • unpaired gland which surrounds the urethra and has multiple ducts which empty into the urethra
  • produces an alkaline solution that gives semen its characteristics smell
  • heart shaped in boar
  • h shaped in stallion
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15
Q

What is the bulbourethral gland?

A
  • paired glands on either side of the urethra just cranial to the ischial arch
  • these are very large in the boar
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16
Q

Structure of the penis in the stallion?

A
  • musculocavernous penis
  • has a predominance of blood sinuses instead of connective tissue
  • the stallions penis is flaccid when not erect
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17
Q

Structure of the penis in ruminants and pigs?

A
  • fibroelastic penis
  • the trabeculae of the tunica albuginea make up the bulk of the penis which makes the penis firm even when not erect
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18
Q

What is the structure of the glans penis in the bull and ram?

A
  • have a helmet shaped glans
  • the external opening of the bull opens into a twisted groove
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19
Q

What is the structure of the glans penis in the boar?

A
  • small
  • has a twisted end
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20
Q

What is the urethral process and which species is it present in?

A
  • a free portion for the urethra that project beyond the glans
  • the stallion and ram
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21
Q

What is the structure of the prepuce in the stallion?

A
  • double fold so 2 layers surround the penis when it is retracted
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22
Q

What is the structure of the prepuce in the boar?

A
  • has a pouch dorsal to the prenuptial orifice
  • the pouch collects urine, secretions and dead cells, which contribute to the distinctive smell of the boar
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23
Q

What are the terms given to each female of the species?

A

Horse = mare

Cow = cow

Pig = sow

Sheep = ewe

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24
Q

What are the 3 functions of the female reproductive tract?

A
  • produce ova and deliver to the site of fertilisation
  • provide an environment for the development and growth of the embryo
  • expel the foetus at birth
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25
Q

What 5 structures make up the feral reproductive tract?

A
  • 2 ovaries
  • 2 oviducts
  • uterus (uterine horns, body and cervix)
  • vagina
  • vulva
26
Q

What is the structure of the ovaries in cow and ewes?

A
  • oval in shape
27
Q

What is the structure of the ovaries in the mare?

A
  • bean shaped
28
Q

What is the structure of the ovaries in sows?

A
  • can appear lobulated due to the fact that many ova develop at the same time
29
Q

What is the function of the oviducts?

A
  • they transport the ova from the ovaries to the uterine horns
  • site of fertilisation
30
Q

What is structure of the oviducts?

A
  • they are paired convoluted tubes
  • the end of the oviduct nearest to the ovary is funnel shaped and is called the infundibulum
  • they are lined with mucus membrane
31
Q

What makes up the uterus?

A
  • the cervix
  • a uterine body
  • 2 uterine horns
32
Q

What is the function of the vagina?

A
  • the birth canal through which the foetus is delivered at parturition
  • receives the penis during mating
33
Q

Where is the vestibule located?

A
  • the area between the vagina and the vulva
34
Q

Where is the start of the vestibule marked?

A
  • it is marked by the external urethral orifice, which is where the urethra opens in to the reproductive tract
35
Q

What is the suburethral diverticulum and which species is it present?

A
  • the short blind ending sac which is just ventral to the opening of the urethra
  • pigs and cows
36
Q

What is the vulva?

A
  • the external genitalia of the female
37
Q

What is the perineum?

A
  • the area surrounding the anus and vulva
38
Q

Where should the vulva be located and why is this important?

A
  • it should sit ventrally and vertically in line with the anus
  • this allows faeces to drop clear away from the vulva which will stop any infection harbouring there
39
Q

What are the mammary glands?

A
  • modified sudoriferous glands
  • they produce milk for offspring nourishment
40
Q

What is colostrum?

A
  • the first milk produced on delivery of newborns
  • important for survival and provide temporary immune protection
41
Q

What is polyoestrous?

A
  • animal that continuously cycle throughout the year
42
Q

What is seasonally polyoestrous?

A
  • animal with oestrous cycles that occur during certain seasons of the year, this depends on daylight
43
Q

When are cows breeding seasons?

A
  • non seasonally polyoestrous
  • they come into oestrus all year round
44
Q

What are mares breeding seasons?

A
  • seasonally polyoestrous
  • they come into oestrous at specific times of the year
  • mares are long day breeders which means they start to come into season during spring/summer
45
Q

What are sows breeding seasons?

A
  • polyoestrous with a period of lactation all anoestrus, which will last until the piglets are weaned
  • hormonal changes do not respond to the changing seasons in the sow so she will continue to cycle throughout the year
  • sows are spontaneous ovulators
46
Q

What are ewes breeding seasons?

A
  • seasonally polyoestrous
  • sheep are short day breeders, she will cycle in response to shorter hours for daylight
  • some breeds are less seasonal and breed all year round
47
Q

What are the 4 stages of the oestrous cycle?

A

Pro-oestrus

Oestrus

Met oestrus

Di-oestrus or Anoestrus

48
Q

What happens during pro oestrus?

A
  • the building up phase
  • ovarian follicle develops under the influence of follicle stimulating hormone and leutenising hormone
  • as the follicle develops it secretes oestrogen
49
Q

What happens during oestrus?

A
  • period of sexual receptivity
  • females should stand for mating
  • oestrogen levels remain high and some progesterone is released
  • a surge of leutenising hormone is reposnsible for the rupture of the ovarian follicle and release of the ovum
50
Q

What happens during met-oestrus?

A
  • begins once sexual receptivity ends
  • corpus luteum forms at the site of the ruptured follicle
  • oestrogen levels fall, swelling will reduce at this stage
  • corpus luteum releases progesterone
51
Q

What happens during di oestrus?

A
  • in polyoestrous animals a short period of inactivity follows met, oestrus before they return to pro oestrus
52
Q

What happens during anoestrus?

A
  • no sexual or hormonal activity
  • normally animals with long oestrus cycles
53
Q

What are mares oestrus table of events?

A

Onset of puberty = 18 months

Age at first service = 2 to 3 years

Oestrus cycle = 21 days

Oestrus = 6 days

Gestation = 336 days

54
Q

What are cows oestrus table of events?

A

Onset of puberty = 1 to 2 years

Age at first service = 1 to 2 years

Oestrus cycle = 21 days

Oestrus = 18 hours

Gestation = 282 days

55
Q

What are ewes oestrus table of events?

A

Onset of puberty = 8 months

Age at first service = 1 to 1.5 years

Oestrus cycle = 17 days

Oestrus = 1 to 2 days

Gestation = 150 days

56
Q

What are sows oestrus table of events?

A

Onset of puberty = 7 months

Age at first service = 8 to 10 months

Oestrus cycle = 21 days

Oestrus = 2 days

Gestation = 114 days

57
Q

What are the 3 cow breeding facts?

A
  • ovulation occurs 10 to 14 hours following oestrus
  • artificial insemination takes place 12 hours after oestrus
  • bovine sperm needs to be in the uterus for 6 hours
58
Q

What are the 4 sheep breeding facts?

A
  • oestrus normally lasts 30 hours
  • ovulation occurs near the end of oestrus
  • 2 to 3 ovulations may occur hence twins or triplets
  • best time to breed is mid to late oestrus
59
Q

What are the 5 pig breeding facts?

A
  • 10 to 25 ova are shed
  • ovulation occurs in the later part of oestrus
  • sows can exhibit oestrus post parturition most are infertile
  • oestrus post weaning occurs 7 to 9 days after
  • oestrus post weaning 65 hours
60
Q

What are the 4 horse breeding facts

A
  • prostaglandins can cause mild colic
  • pg can be used to induce season, should come into season within 2 to 4 days
  • foaling heat, first season post foaling lasts 2 to 3 days
  • hormonal changes are important

YR1 LARGE ANIMAL (9 decks)

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