Non-specific Defence - Concepts

Question 1

The multiple dimensions the pathology uses to study disease

Answer 1

The cause of disease, how disease develops, and changes to the body resulting from disease and the consequences of these changes.

Question 2

What often differentiates pathogens from normal flora?

Answer 2

The capacity to traverse natural barriers of the body.

Question 3

What are the three major strategies a host has to combat potential pathogens?

Answer 3

Avoidance, resistance, tolerance.

Question 4

For a pathogen to cause disease it must first…

Answer 4

Enter into the body of a host.

Question 5

Substances produced by our bodies that act as physical or chemical barriers…

Answer 5

Lysozyme in tears. Our skin is slightly acidic. Ear wax and mucus is sticky. Nose hairs, ear hairs, eyelashes, eyebrows. Labia and foreskin.

Question 6

The skin and mucous membranes represent what line of defense?

Answer 6

The first line of nonspecific defence mechanisms in the body.

Question 7

What represents the second line of defense?

Answer 7

Phagocytic white blood cells, antimicrobial proteins, and the inflammatory response.

Question 8

The five main types of white blood cells

Answer 8

Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, Eosinophils, and basophils.

Question 9

The main white blood cells that are involved in nonspecific phagocytosis

Answer 9

Neutrophils and monocytes

Question 10

Granulocytes

Answer 10

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. Cells with granules.

Question 11

Mature monocytes are called what?

Answer 11

Macrophages.

Question 12

What is the primary cause of lymph node swelling in response to disease?

Answer 12

The multiplication and swelling of monocytes.

Question 13

Why is phagocytosis not always successful?

Answer 13

Some pathogens have a capacity to withstand digestion, and may replicate inside white blood cell. Some pathogens can escape from the vesicle and use the cells resources and take over cellular machinery. Some can produce toxins that kill the phagocyte.

Question 14

What are the most important of the nonspecific defence proteins of the body?

Answer 14

The complement proteins and interferons.

Question 15

The complement system

Answer 15

A group of soluble proteins produced in the liver, that function sequentially to trigger the distraction of micro organisms. Works both with the specific immune system and the innate immune system

Question 16

When complement acts nonspecifically, what is the cascade usually stimulated by?

Answer 16

Polysaccharide components of bacterial or fungal cell walls.

Question 17

What three main pathways of innate response are triggered by complement?

Answer 17

Membrane attack, inflammation, and phagocytosis.

Question 18

What three events are caused by the initiation of the complement response?

Answer 18

Cytolysis, inflammation, opsonization.

Question 19

How do interferons work?

Answer 19

They bind to the surface of uninfected cells and stimulate them to produce specialized enzymes which interfere with viral replication.

Question 20

Are the effects of interferons short term or long term?

Answer 20

Short term.

Question 21

What will trigger the inflammatory response?

Answer 21

Injury to cells or tissues (either physical or pathogenic), proteins/chemicals, enzymes, complement system.

Question 22

How does dilation of blood vessel’s in response to signal molecules impact white blood cells?

Answer 22

It increases and slows blood flow around the site of injury, making it easier for white blood cells to move in and out and increases the amount of blood flowing through that tissue.

Question 23

What is the immune system response?

Answer 23

Injured tissue releases signal molecules, there is an increased movement of immune system cells and molecules to the affected area, and then there is disinfection and cleaning of the area.

Question 24

How much fluid is lost from blood vessels that the lymphatic system collects?

Answer 24

3-4 L/day

Question 25

What do the overlapping endothelial cells of the lymphatic vessels form?

Answer 25

Flap-like mini-valves that allow easy entrance of fluid and large proteins, as well as the movement of WBCs.

Question 26

Lymphatic could capillaries and vassals fuse into…

Answer 26

Lymphatic collecting vessels.

Question 27

Lymphatic collecting vessels fuse to form…

Answer 27

Lymphatic trunks which drain into the venous system.

Question 28

How is fluid driven through lymphatic vessels?

Answer 28

Much the same way as it is moved through veins. Skeletal muscle contraction, movement of diaphragm, and valves help to ensure fluid goes one way.

Question 29

Lymph nodes are embedded in…

Answer 29

Connective tissue.

Question 30

Lymphatic organs

Answer 30

Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, thymus, appendix, MALT.