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Microbiology > Nonspecific Defenses Of The Host > Flashcards

Nonspecific Defenses Of The Host Flashcards

1
Q

Innate immunity vs adaptive immunity

A
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2
Q

Innate immunity vs. adaptive immunity

A
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3
Q

Susceptibility

A

lack of resistance to a disease

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4
Q

Immunity

A

ability to ward off disease

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5
Q

Innate immunity

A

defenses against any pathogen
Normal body functions

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6
Q

Adaptive immunity:

A

immunity or resistance to a specific pathogen

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7
Q

Physical/Mechanical Factors of innate immunity

A

Physical/Mechanical Factors of innate immunity
Skin
Epidermis consists of tightly packed cells with
Keratin, a protective protein

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8
Q

Physical Factors
Mucous membranes

A

Mucus: traps microbes
Ciliary escalator: transports microbes trapped in mucus away from the lungs

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9
Q

Physical Factors
Lacrimal apparatus:

A

Washes eye

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10
Q

Saliva:

A

washes microbes off

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11
Q

Urine:

A

Flows out

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12
Q

Vaginal secretions:

A

Flows out

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13
Q

Chemical Factors of innate immunity

A

Fungistatic fatty acid in sebum
Low pH (3–5) of skin
Lysozyme in perspiration, tears, saliva, and urine Low pH (1.2–3.0) of gastric juice
Low pH (3–5) of vaginal secretions

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14
Q

Microbial antagonism/competitive exclusion:

A

normal microbiota compete with pathogens or alter the environment

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15
Q

Commensal microbiota:

A

one organism (microbe)
benefits, and the other (host) is unharmed
May be opportunistic pathogens

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16
Q

Host Toll-like receptors (TLRs) attach to

A

pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

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17
Q

TLRs induce cytokines that..

A

regulate the intensity and duration of immune responses

18
Q

Second line of defense

A

Blood

19
Q
A
20
Q

Percentage of each type of white cell in a sample of 100 white blood cells

A

Neutrophils 60-70%
Basophils 0.5-1%
Eosinophils 2-4%
Monocytes 3-8%
Lymphocytes 20-25%

21
Q

Second line of defense

A

Lymphatic system

22
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Phago: from Greek, meaning eat
Cyte: from Greek, meaning cell
Ingestion of microbes or particles by a cell, performed by phagocytes

23
Q

Phagocytes

A

Neutrophils
Fixed macrophages Wandering macrophages Dendritic cells

24
Q

The phases of phagocytosis

A
25
Q

Microbial evasion of phagocytosis

A
26
Q

Inflammation

A

Activation of acute-phase proteins (complement, cytokine, and kinins)
Vasodilation (histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes)
Redness
Swelling (edema)
Pain
Heat

27
Q

Chemicals released by damaged cells

A
28
Q

Fever

A

Abnormally high body temperature
Hypothalamus is normally set at 37°C
Gram-negative endotoxins cause phagocytes to release interleukin-1 (IL-1)
Hypothalamus releases prostaglandins that reset the hypothalamus to a high temperature
Body increases rate of metabolism, and shivering occurs, which raise temperature
Vasodilation and sweating: body temperature falls (crisis)

29
Q

Advantages of fever

A

Increases transferrins ● Increases IL-1 activity ● Produces interferon ● Many microbes can’t ●
survive in the higher temperature

30
Q

Disadvantages of fever

A

Tachycardia (fast heart rate)
Acidosis
Dehydration
44–46°C fatal

31
Q

The complement system (immune response)

A

Serum proteins activated in a cascade (domino effect)
Activated by
Antigen–antibody reaction
Proteins C3, B, D, P and a pathogen

32
Q

The Complement System

A

C3b causes opsonization
C3a + C5a cause inflammation: inflammatory mediator
C5b + C6 + C7 + C8 + C9 cause cell lysis (Mac attack)
C:complement protein
B:opsonization

33
Q

Effects of Complement Activation

A

Opsonization, or immune adherence: enhanced phagocytosis
Membrane attack complex: cytolysis (MAC attack) Attract phagocytes
Act as inflammatory mediators

34
Q

Classical pathway of a complement activation

A
35
Q

Alternative pathway of complement activation

A
36
Q

Lectin pathway of complement activation

A
37
Q

Some Bacteria Evade Complement

A

Capsules prevent C activation
Surface lipid–carbohydrate complexes prevent formation of membrane attack complex (MAC)
Enzymatic digestion of C5a

38
Q

Interferons (IFNs)

A

IFN- α and IFN- β: cause cells to produce antiviral proteins that inhibit viral replication

39
Q

IFN-y:

A

causes neutrophils and macrophages to phagocytize bacteria

40
Q

Innate Immunity

Transferrins

A

Bind serum iron

41
Q

Innate Immunity

Antimicrobial peptides

A

Lyse bacterial cells

Microbiology (22 decks)

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