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Dentistry and Oral Surgery > Normal Anatomy of teeth > Flashcards

Normal Anatomy of teeth Flashcards

(102 cards)

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1
Q

What is the crown?

A

*In a healthy state, the part of the tooth visible above the
gingival margin.
*The healthy crown is covered with a layer of enamel
*A enamel thickness of less than 1 millimetre in dogs and cats

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2
Q

What is the neck of the tooth?

A

*Not clearly demarcated area: where the crown meets root
*It does correspond with the cemento-enamel junction.
(where the cementum meets enamel )

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3
Q

Where is the root of the tooth?

A

*The root is covered by cementum.
*In health it is situated below the gingival margin and
alveolar margin.

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4
Q

In general the roots of dogs and cats are at least how much longer than the crowns?

A

one and a half times longer that the tooth crown; in many cases
much more.

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5
Q

In teeth with multiple roots, the area between the coronal
aspects of two adjacent roots are called the?

A

Furcation.

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6
Q

Enamel is the hardest material in the body
it is completely formed before?

A

The tooth
erupts and no repair is possible after
eruption.
At 8 weeks post partum, the enamel of
the permanent teeth have been
completely formed.

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7
Q

Enamel consist of 96% of what?

A

mineral

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8
Q

Described the pulp cavity?

A

This space contains the pulp and runs along
the centre of the crown and root of the
tooth.

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9
Q

What is the pulp chamber called in the crown and in the root? The part of this space

A

The pulp chamber in the crown is called the pulp chamber.
It continues as the root canal in the root.

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10
Q

What happens at the apical extent of the root canal?

A

Multiple smaller canals allows access for
blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics.
These radiating canals are called the
apical delta.

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11
Q

What is the apical delta?

A

Area at the apical end of the root canal where multiple smaller canals allow access for blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics.

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12
Q

An extremely intimate anatomical and
functional relationship exists between dentin
and pulp. To refer to these structures as a single organ
that consist of two distinct parts is therefore
advisable. What names are given to this organ?

A

Dentin-pulp Organ (or Dentin-pulp Complex)

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13
Q

What is likely to happen to the Dentin-pulp Organ (or Dentin-pulp Complex) if one aspect of it is damaged?

A

Any condition that affects one of these parts also has a profound effect on the other.

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14
Q

What produces Dentin?

A

It is produced by the cells that line the pulp cavity (odontoblasts)

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15
Q

Odontoblasts have processes that extend where?

A

They extend to the interface between dentin and enamel in the crown as well as dentin and cementum in the root.

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16
Q

Discuss how dentinal tubules radiate out?

A

Dentinal tubules radiate outwards from the pulp canal to the dentine-enamel junction in the crown and the
dentino-cemental junction in the root. The tubules create
the porous nature of dentin.

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17
Q

What should any injury to the dentin be considered when knowing the route of dentinal tubules?

A

Any injury that exposes dentin should therefore be considered to at least be potentially painful.

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18
Q

What is primary dentin?

A

primary dentin is dentin produced before the tooth erupts.

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19
Q

What is secondary dentin?

A

Secondary dentin is deposited in the direction of the pulp
by odontoblasts after the crown had erupted.

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20
Q

When is Tertiary dentin/reparative dentin produced?

A

It is produced in response to exposure of dentinal tubules.

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21
Q

How is tertiary/reparative dentin produced?

A

Tertiary dentin/Reparative is produced in response to exposure of dentinal tubules.
Signals of such injury reaches the odontoblast
layer via the sensory nerve supply. The
odontoblast respond to this insult by
producing additional dentin in the direction
of the injury.

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22
Q

Why is tertiary dentin darker in colour?

A

If the damage/wear that has triggered production of tertiary dentin ( e.g abrasion )
continues and this reparative dentin is
exposed it stains more strongly because of
this less dense nature. Reparative (or
tertiary dentin) can prevent exposure of
the pulp if the damage does not occur too
rapidly.

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23
Q

Why does dentin have some sensitivity?

A

Nerve endings from the sensory nerves in the
pulp extend along the odontoblastic processes.
This nerve supply explains the sensitivity of dentin.

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24
Q

What is in the pulp?

A

Specialised connective tissue that contains blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics and various different
cell types that enters through the apical delta

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25
What is one of the most important functions of the pulp?
To support the cells that line the pulp canal. (odontoblasts)
26
Fine processes of pulp cells extend along the dentinal tubules that radiate outwards to eventually reach the?
Junction between dentin and enamel in the crown (the dentino-enamel junction) or the junction of dentin and cementum in the tooth root (the dentino-cemental junction).
27
Sensory nerve supply dominates the innervation of the pulp. All sensory perception (e.g.heat cold, pressure) of the pulp is interpreted as?
Pain
28
What is cementum?
Cementum is a bone like mineralised tissue attached to the surface to the root surface. Cells are enclosed in this mineralised matrix. There is no innervation or blood vessels to this tissue.
29
What happens to cementum during an animals lifetime?
Cementum is maintained and possibly thickens during the life time of the tooth.
30
What are all the structures involved in the periodontium?
All structures involved in attachment of tooth is included in the periodontium. It consist of: * Gingiva * Periodontal ligament * Cementum * Alveolar bone
31
Is oral mucosa part of the periodontium?
NO
32
What is the function of Gingiva which forms part of the periodontium?
Tough, resilient tissue that forms the interface between teeth and the oral soft tissue.
33
Where does the gingiva cover?
Covers the coronal aspects of the alveolar bone.
34
What is most of the gingiva attached to?
Most of the gingiva is firmly attached to either the alveolar bone or the cementum by way of bundles of dense collagen fibres.
35
How does gingiva associate with the periodontal ligament?
Gingiva extends into and form part of the periodontal ligament.
36
Discuss how free gingiva is attached?
Free gingiva at the gingival margin is not attached.
37
Where is the gingival sulcus?
The gingival sulcus is between the crown of the tooth and free gingiva.
38
How is the gingiva measured?
Measured with a periodontal probe from the gingival margin to the junctional epithelium.
39
What is the normal gingival sulcus depth in cats and dogs?
*1mm for small breeds up to 3 mm for large breed dogs. *Less than 1 mm deep, normal for cats.
40
Discuss the location of the junctional epithelium?
The gingiva inside the gingival sulcus eventually attaches to the tooth surface by means of the junctional epithelium.
41
Where is the Mucogingival junction?
Demarcation between Gingiva and oral mucosa
42
What is the function of the periodontal ligament?
Attaches the tooth to the alveolus.
43
What is the periodontal ligament made of?
Bundles of collagen fibres (Sharpey’s fibres) imbedded in the cementum on the root surface and into the alveolar bone.
44
What do the collagen fibres that form the periodontal ligament do?
The collagen fibres act as firm attachment of the tooth to the alveolar bone. They also acts as shock absorbers.
45
What do the collagen fibres of the periodontal ligament share the space with?
The collagen fibres share the periodontal space with multiple blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves.
46
What forms the alveolar bone?
The alveolar processes of the mandibles, incisive and the maxillary bones forms the alveoli.
47
What type of bone lines the alveolus?
Alveolus is lined with spongy or trabecular bone and not cortical bone.
48
The alveolus spongy or trabecular bone is well perforated which allows what?
Multiple blood vessels and nerves access to the periodontal space.
49
In teeth with multiple roots, the area between the coronal aspects of two adjacent roots are called the furcation. The alveolar bone in this area is called?
furcational bone
50
What is cementum?
A bone like mineralised tissue attached to the surface of the root.
51
What fibres are imbedded in cementum?
Collagen fibres (Sharpey’s fibres from the periodontal ligament) are imbedded into its mineralised matrix.
52
What is enclosed in the cementum?
* Cells are enclosed in this mineralised matrix (unlike dentin). * There is no innervation or blood vessels in this tissue.
53
How many incisor teeth do Dogs and Cats have?
Dogs and cats have 6 maxillary and 6 mandibular teeth
54
What are incisor teeth used for?
Incisors are used for fine prehension and as grooming tools.
55
What is the function of the canine teeth?
The function is holding and killing prey and as effective weapons for fighting and self defence.
56
How many premolar teeth do dogs have?
Four maxillary and four mandibular premolar teeth in the permanent dentition.
57
Describe the 1st premolar tooth in the dog?
The first premolar does not have a deciduous precursor and has a single root and a conical crown with a single cusp.
58
Describe the fourth maxillary premolar in the dog?
The fourth maxillary premolars (the upper carnassial tooth) have three roots.
59
In dogs the first premolar has one root and the fourth maxillary has 3. How many roots do the remaining premolar teeth have?
All of the remaining premolars in dogs have two roots.
60
How many premolar teeth do cats have?
Cats have three maxillary and two mandibular premolars per quadrant in the permanent dentition.
61
Discuss the second maxillary premolar in the cat (206)?
The second maxillary premolar usually have a small single cusped crown and usually a single root, but it can be double rooted in some individuals.
62
The two mandibular premolars (on each side) both have how many roots?
The two mandibular premolars (on each side) both have two roots.
63
What is the function of premolar teeth?
Premolar teeth are used to cut and hold food.
64
In both cats and dogs the mandibular first molar is?
In both cats and dogs the mandibular first molar is the lower carnassial tooth. It has two large roots. 309 + 409
65
With the opposing maxillary fourth premolar, carnassial teeth act as the?
Main cutting/tearing instruments in the mouth.
66
In cats the single maxillary molar (one on each side) is a?
Very small tooth and have one to three roots.
67
What is a cat's dentition exclusively geared towards?
Cats have exclusively cutting teeth and most of dogs’ dentition is also geared more towards a cutting rather than a crushing function.
68
In dogs the distal cusp of the mandibular first molar has a flat occlusive surface and this part occludes onto what?
The flat occlusal surface of the first maxillary molar
69
Dogs have two maxillary molars per side. Describe them?
Both have three roots, three cusps on the crowns and flat occlusal surfaces.
70
The mandibular second molar have two roots and the third maxillary molar a single root.
The mandibular second molar have two roots and the third maxillary molar a single root.
71
The maxillary molars with the distal cusp of the first mandibular molar and the other two mandibular molars provide?
Limited crushing function in the caudal dentition in dog.
72
The tooth is divided into a crown and root and these two structures meet at the?
cemento-enamel junction
73
We now know that enamel is formed by ameloblasts and all enamel production is complete before?
Tooth eruption. There is therefore no possibility of the repair of enamel after eruption.
74
Enamel is the most dense material in the body and 96% of enamel is?
Hydroxyapatite crystals. These crystals are arranged in rod-shaped structures and these enamel rods are arranged perpendicular to the surface of the crown.
75
Dentin production continues throughout life, but happens far more rapidly in the?
Erupting tooth and a slows to trickle of production in mature teeth. This implies that the pulp canal becomes progressively smaller during life and implies that the root becomes thicker and stronger during this time.
76
What are Tomes fibres?
Cellular processes of the odontoblasts extends into dental tubules that radiates outwards from the pulp canal. These processes are also referred to as Tomes fibres. The odontoblastic processes branch and interconnect and extend from the root canal to the dentino-cemental junction and from the pulp chamber to the dentino-enamel junction
77
When is Primary dentin deposited?
Primary dentine is laid down by odontoblasts prior to the eruption of the tooth.
78
When is secondary dentin deposited?
Secondary dentin is produced after eruption. It continues until the apex of the tooth closes (apex of Genesis) and continues throughout life.
79
When is tertiary dentine produced?
Tertiary dentin Tertiary or reparative dentin is produced in response to injury of the crown that exposes dentin. This dentin is produced in the direction of the injury and is generally less organised and therefore stains more readily if exposed to the oral cavity. This explains the dark stained centres of wear facets.
80
The keratinised and parakeratinised, masticatory mucosa tissue covers the?
Hard palate and the gingiva that surrounds all the teeth and includes the specialised mucosa of the dorsum of the tongue, and the alveolar mucosa.
81
How is keritanised and parakeratinised masticatory mucosa tissue demarcated?
This nonkeritinised tissue are demarcated from the parakeratinised gingiva by means of the mucogingival junction.
82
All mucosa that does not form part of the keritanised and parakeratinised masticatory mucosa are referred to as?
Alveolar mucosa and covers the inside lining of the lips, the cheeks, the floor of the mouth and the underside of the tongue and continues as the mucosal lining of the oropharynx
83
Where is Specialised Masticatory Mucosa found?
This tissue covers the dorsal aspects of the tongue and contains various sensory (gustatory) papilla that forms part of the special sensory system of taste
84
Different types of of the papillae can be identified on the tongue. List them:
Filiform papillae Fungiform papillae Vallate papillae Conical papillae Foliate papillae Marginal Papillae
85
What is the function of Filiform papillae on the tongue?
Spikey/hooklike protrusions and more heavily keratinises on the tongue of cats. In dogs they are the smallest and in both species, the most numerous papillae. These papillae occupy the rostral aspects of the tongue and are important in lapping and grooming. These papillae have more of a mechanical and tactile function, rather than gustatory.
86
What is the function of Fungiform papillae on the tongue?
These dome shaped papillae occurs on the rostral two thirds of the tongue and the second most numerous of the papillae. They are concentrated on the sides and tip of the tongue and contain taste pores on its surface.
87
What is the function of Vallate papillae on the tongue?
These larger papillae are from ectodermal origin and demarcated the caudal one third of the tongue. There are usually four of these papillae in dogs but it could also be up to six. They have a moat surrounding the central papilla and this grove is richly supplied by taste buds
88
What is the function of Conical papillae on the tongue?
The caudal one third of the tongue, also known as the pharyngeal part of the tongue is covered by conical papillae. They have a round base and ends in a sharp tip. Like the filiform papillae they are more mechanical and tactile function rather than gustatory functions. They are innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve.
89
What is the function of Foliate papillae on the tongue?
These papillae are also from ectodermal origin and also occupy the caudal third of the tongue, in a cluster immediately rostral to the palatoglossal folds. These cluster contains 8-13 leaflike papillae separated by deep clefts. The central crypts extend medially below the epithelium as diverticula with various taste buds within the walls and pores that open in the diverticula
90
What is the function of Marginal Papillae on the tongue?
These papillae assist with suckling of very young puppies. They help to seal the tongue around the nipple and prevent spillage and occurs on the rostral half of the tongue and do not have any gustatory function.
91
What are the two layers of the gingiva?
This tissue forms an integral part of the periodontium and consists basically of two layers, the epithelial layer and the submucosa/lamina propria.
92
What is Gingival stippling?
in some individuals, small irregular depressions and bumps are present on the attached gingiva. This appears more pronounced in the gingiva associated with canine and carnassial teeth but less so adjacent to premolars. The stippling appears to correspond to areas of greater attached gingival height. Gingival stippling appears to increase with age.
93
How does gingival width/thickness affect tooth health?
A noticeable variation between individuals can occur and the thicker phenotype are conducive to better perfusion and wound healing. The gingival width in toy breeds are noticeably less than in medium and larger dog breeds and is a significant cause of the increased incidence and severity of periodontal disease in these breeds.
94
In normal animals what should the gingival sulcus depth be between?
In normal animals the depth of the sulcus is 1 mm or less in cats, and up to 3 mm in medium or large dog breeds and less than two in toy breeds. At the canine teeth of larger breed dogs up to 5 mm might be considered a normal sulcular depth.
95
What is the gingival sulcus filled with?
The gingival sulcus is filled with crevicular fluid.
96
Normal oral epithelium has what rate of turnover? a rapid turnover rate of 6 to 12 days, but at the junctional epithelium, this could be a short as 4 to 6 days
A rapid turnover rate of 6 to 12 days, but at the junctional epithelium, this could be a short as 4 to 6 days
97
Discuss what Gingivocrevicular or Sulcular Fluid (GCF) is?
This fluid fills the space/potential space of the gingival sulcus. It comprises components similar to that of a transudate but is in fact an inflammatory exudate. Minimal amounts of this fluid is present within the potential gingival sulcus in healthy patients
98
Discuss production gingivocrevicular sulcular fluid?
Any mechanical stimulation e.g. chewing or brushing, will increase the flow of GCF. In man it has been established that the flow increases during the night and also increases in response to female sex hormones. This fluid production adds to the flushing of the gingival sulcus to promote periodontal health.
99
What are sharpies fibres?
Rather than being a homogenous tissue the periodontal ligament essentially comprise of a complex of discrete collagen fibre bundles. These bundles are also called Sharpie's fibres within the periodontal ligament. The collagen bundles are embedded on the tooth side, in the cementum and on the other to the alveolar bone or other firm connective tissue of the periodontium.
100
According to the orientation of the collagen fibres (Sharpie’s fibres) within the periodontal ligament, different fibre bundles can be identified at different aspects of the tooth root. List them:
*Crestal fibres: From the cementum these fibres are directed towards the gingiva and the coronal aspects of the alveolus. * Horizontal fibres: these fibres are directed horizontally and occurs mainly in the mid-parts of the tooth roots. * Obliques fibres: These fibres course in an coronal orientation from the cementum and occurs anywhere along the root surface except apically. They are crucial as a suspensory apparatus and for the shock absorption function of the periodontal ligament. * Apical fibres extends from the apical cementum to the apical part of the alveolus and is important to anchor the tooth in the alveolus. * Inter radicular fibres extend from the furcational alveolar bone to the cementum in the furcation area, and is also important for anchorage.
101
How is cementum produced?
Fibroblasts within the periodontal ligament secrete acellular extrinsic Cementum (AEC). Cementoblasts also from within the periodontal ligament, secrete Cellular Intrinsic Cementum (CIC) as well as Acellular Afibrillar Cementum (AAC). The latter occurs in small areas on the surface of coronal enamel. During cementum production some cementoblasts become embedded within the mineralised matrix and are then referred to as cementocytes. The latter is situated within lacunae and communicate with adjacent cementocytes through cellular processes. Cementocytes can become metabolically active during some healing processes.
102
The cribriform plate on radiographs the structure is identified as?
a lamina dura.

Dentistry and Oral Surgery (44 decks)

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