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Psychiatry Exam 1 > Normal Development > Flashcards

Normal Development Flashcards

1
Q

Define attachment

A

Enduring emotional connection that develops between infant and primary caregiver

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2
Q

Harlow’s experiment

A

Monkeys given feeding mother of mesh or terry cloth; preferred terry cloth
Results
- Attachment not simplky result of feeing
- Comforted monkeys (terry cloth) showed less disorganization during stress

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3
Q

Anaclitic depression

A

Deprivation of affection –> depression, susceptibility to physical illness

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4
Q

Social/emotional effects of deprivation of affection

A

Poor language/socialization skills, lack of trust in others

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5
Q

Physical effects of deprivation of affection

A

Failure to thrive (weight loss, loss muscle tone, physical illness) –> death

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6
Q

Babinski reflex (& when it extinguishes)

A

Big toe dorsiflex w/ plantar stimulation (12 mos)

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7
Q

Moro reflex (& when it extinguishes)

A

Limbs extend upon startle (3 mos)

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8
Q

Rooting (& when it extinguishes)

A

Responds to perioral stim by puckering lips/turning head to assist in breastfeeding (4mos)

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9
Q

Grasp reflex (& when it extinguishes)

A

Infant grasps object in palm (6mos)

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10
Q

Translational object

A

Object to which young child becomes attach to allow comfort and a half-way step between attachment to herself and outside world

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11
Q

Stranger anxiety

A

Normal fear of strangers – infants cry/cling to parents when strangers approach (around 6mos) due to growing ability to distinguish caregivers from others

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12
Q

Separation anxiety

A

Normal anxiety created by separation from caregiver (9 mos)

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13
Q

Birth-2mos

A

Social smile, lifts head to prone

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14
Q

4-5 mos

A

Parent recognition, orients to voice, rolls over

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15
Q

6 mos

A

Laughs, babbles, stranger anxiety, sits/rolls, passes toy hand-hand

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16
Q

7-8 mos

A

Crawls

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17
Q

9-10 mos

A

Orients to name, object permanence, Dada/Mama nonspecific, stands, pincer grasp

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18
Q

12 mos

A

Dada/mama specific, first words, walks (12-18mos), drinks from cup, points to objects

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19
Q

Birth-24 mos – Piaget

A

Sensorimotor – interacts w/ world through sensory observation, gains control of motor fxns; oject permanence by end of second year (recognizes hidden objects still exist)

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20
Q

Birth-1yr – Freud

A

Oral – urges focusses on feeding, the source of all satisfaction and frustration

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21
Q

Birth-1yr – Erikson

A

Trust vs. mistrust:

  • Trust from attachment w/ parent who provides consistent care
  • Mistrust when infant can’t rely on parent –> emptiness and despair
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22
Q

Gender identity timing

A

Begins at 18 mos, solidified by 24-30 mos –> major part of gender is innate

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23
Q

Rapprochement

A

Child uses caregiver like beacon to explore (back and forth) – starts at 24 mos

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24
Q

18 mos

A

Imitates housework, 20-100 words, climbs stairs, throws ball overhead

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25
24 mos
200+ words, object permanence, parallel play (24-36 mos), rapprochement, runs, kicks ball, uses fork/spoon (20mos), 6 cube tower
26
2-7yrs -- Piaget
Preoperational -- uses symbols and language, thinking and reasoning are intuitive, immanent justice: punishment for bad deeds is inevitable, egocentrism: child is center of universe and only sees own perspective, animistic thinking: physical events/objects have feelings/intentions
27
1-3yrs -- Freud
Anal -- urges centered on bowel functioning, control over body fxns is main issue
28
1-3 yrs -- Erikson
Autonomy vs. shame/doubt: - Autonomous able to explore and briefly separate from parent - Shame/doubt: child cannot perform
29
3 yrs
Tricycle riding, gives 1st/last name, knows 1000+ words, toilet training, core gender identity is formed, can copy an "O"
30
4 yrs
Dresses w/ supervision, tells detailed stories, uses complete sentences, cooperative play and imaginary friends, copies a "+", makes a stick figure, hops on one foot
31
5 yrs
Dresses alone, grooms self, buttons/zippers, copies a square
32
6 yrs
Reads, copies a triangle, ties shoelaces, bicycles
33
3-5yrs -- Freud
Phallic phase -- genitals are focus, preoccupied w/ illness/injury, Oedipal complex: child focuses on parent of opposite sex (wants exclusive possession and competes w/ other parent)
34
3-5 yrs -- Erikson
Initiative vs. Guilt - Initiative: mastery of skills, expands participation in outside world, wish to explore/conquer, establishes relationship w/ parent of same sex - Guilt: anxiety over anticipated punishment
35
Age at which death is understood as final
8yrs
36
7-11yrs -- Piaget
Concrete operations -- understands another viewpoint, can serialize/organize/group according to characteristics, understands conservation (water in tall glass = water in short glass) and reversibility (water to ice to water)
37
6-11 yrs -- Freud
Latency -- libido repressed in interest of developing same-sex friendships and participating in school/sport
38
5-13 yrs -- Erikson
Industry vs. Inferiority -- main tasks are learning/doing and child starts to understand family as a part of larger society - Industry: strives for sense of accomplishment and develops sense of mastery - Inferiority: unable to master tasks
39
Interpersonal relationship aspects during latency
Invests in adults other than parents, peer groups important, best friends developed, clubs w/ complicated rules
40
Stages of adolescence
Early: 11-14yrs Middle: 14-17 yrs Late: 18-20yrs
41
Puberty onset for boys vs. girls
Girls: 11yrs (8-13yrs) Boys: 13 yrs (10-14yrs)
42
Trigger for puberty
HPA-gonadal axes
43
Psychological development in adolesence
Thinking --> more abstract, conceptual, future oriented Morality develops (internalization of ethics/control of conduct) Creativity increaes Identity formation -- secure sense of self apart from parents (must be flexible) Negativism -- attempt to tell world that they have mind of their own (tests parents/authority figures)
44
Reasons for risky behavior in adolescence
Omnipotent fantasies (I'm invincible), fear of inadequacy (overcompensation), and group dynamics (peer pressure)
45
11yrs-adolescence -- Piaget
Formal operations -- Able to think abstractly, reason deductively, and define abstract concepts (enter stage at diff times/degrees)
46
12-18yrs -- Freud
Genital phase -- Sexuality develops and persists to adulthood
47
13-21yrs -- Erikson
Identity vs. Role Confusion - Identity: formation of separate/cohesive self - Role confusion: unable to form identity -- confused about place in world
48
Phases of adulthood
Early: 20-40 Middle: 40-65
49
21yrs-40yrs -- Erikson
Intimacy vs. Isolation - Intimacy requires ability to make/honor commitments, sacrifice, and compromise - Isolation occurs in lack of intimacy -- unable to tolerate fear of abandonment --> w/drawal and depression
50
Young Adult Developmental Tasks -- Colarusso
- Young-adult sense of self/others - Adult friendships - Capacity for intimacy - Become biological/psychological parent - Develop relationship of mutuality and equality w/ parents - Facilitate parents' midlife development - Establish an adult work identity - Adult forms of play - Integrate new attitudes towards time
51
40yrs-60yrs -- Erikson
Generativity vs. Stagnation - Generativity: guiding oncoming generation/improving society (having raising children, being creative, helping community or next generation) - Stagnation -- stops developing, no impulse to guide others, doesn't care for biological children --> danger of being unable to negotiate the tasks of middle adulthood and unprepared for old age
52
Midlife transition vs. crisis
Transition: greater insight into how life will turn out, chance to re-write the ending, may take new opportunities/productive change Crisis: emotional struggles during middle adulthood leading to maladaptive behavior
53
Late adulthood divisions
Young-old: 65-74 | Old-old: 75+
54
What distinguishes happy-well from sad-sick? (6)
- No objective disabilities at 75 - Subjective physical health at 75 - Longer length of undisabled life - Mental health - Social supports - Life satisfaction
55
Factors that do NOT predict wellness past 70s
- Ancestral longevity - Parental social class - Stability of parental marriage - Parental death in childhood - IQ
56
Factors that DO predict wellness past 70s
- Not smoking (quitting by age 50) - Adaptive coping style (mature defenses) - No alcohol abuse - Healthy weight - Regular exercise - Stable marriage, good relationships - Higher education
57
Best predictor of high income?
Whether mother made them feel loved
58
Presbycusis
High f hearing loss due to destruction of hair cells at cochlear base (low f preserved -- at apex)
59
Sleep in aging
Down: REM, stages 3/4 sleep Up: sleep latencies, awakenings durin gth enight
60
Effects of aging on pharmacokinetics
Change in Vd (decrease -- less water), decrease in t1/2
61
60yrs+ -- Erikson
Integrity vs. Despair Success --> process of life review w/ sense of peace/wisdom through coming to terms w/ how one's life was lived --> lived well Less success -- sense life was too short and did not choose wisely
62
Kubler Ross Stages of Grief
Denial (magical thinking -- by magic things will be different, excessive fantasy -- nothing is wrong just imagined, regression -- want others assure nothing is wrong/childlike, withdrawal/rejection -- by avoiding/rejecting those who confront the disease can be avoided Anger -- angry w/ God, themselves, and/or others about illness or steps to overcome Bargaining Despair/Depression -- guilt of responsibility is common, loss of hope/faith in goodness etc. Acceptance -- able to describe risks/limitations to tx, test available alternatives, uses rational thinking/adaptive behavior/appropriate emotion --> growth

Psychiatry Exam 1 (9 decks)

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