Normal Development Milestones, Lower Limb Development and Abnormalities Flashcards

1
Q

At what age is an infant expected to manage stairs independently?

A

3 years

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2
Q

At what age is an infant expected to sit alone/crawl?

A

6-9 months

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3
Q

At what age is an infant expected to jump?

A

24 months

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4
Q

At what age is an infant expected to understand 200 words and learn around 10 per day?

A

18-20 months

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5
Q

At what age is an infant expected to walk?

A

14-17 months

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6
Q

At what age is an infant expected to be potty trained?

A

2-3 years

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7
Q

At what age is an infant expected to eat with fingers or use a spoon?

A

14 months

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8
Q

At what age is an infant expected to stand?

A

8-12 months

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9
Q

At what age is an infant expected to speak a few words?

A

9-12 months

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10
Q

At what age is an infant expected to stack blocks?

A

18 months

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11
Q

At what age is an infant expected to lose primitive reflexes e.g. grasp reflex?

A

1-6 months

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12
Q

At what age is an infant expected to gain head control?

A

2 months

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13
Q

At birth children have ______ knees which become __________ aligned at around __ months progressing to __ __ __ ___________ at age _ and then gradually regress to the physiologic ______ of _ at age _-_

A

At birth children have varus knees which become neutrally aligned at around 14 months progressing to 10-15º valgus at age 3 and then gradually regress to the physiologic valgus of at age 7-9

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14
Q

What is considered pathological varus or valgum?

A

Alignment outwith the normal range by +/-6º

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15
Q

What is Blount’s disease?

A

A growth disorderof the medial proximal tibial physis which causes marked and persisting varus deformity

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16
Q

How can Blount’s disease be treated?

A

Surgical correction with osteotomy

(growth plate restriction with a small plate and screws on the medial side can be used in adolescence)

17
Q

As well as Blount’s disease, what are some other pathological causes of genu verum?

A
  1. Rickets
  2. Osteochondroma
  3. Traumatic physeal injury
  4. Skeletal dysplasia
18
Q

Persistent bow legs are at risk of which condition?

A

OA (on the medial compartment)

19
Q

What are some causes of pathological genu valgum?

A
  1. Rickets
  2. Enchondromatosis
  3. Trauma
  4. Neurofibromatosis
  5. Idiopathic
20
Q

Excessive genu valgum can be treated in which ways?

A
  1. Osteotomy
  2. Growth plate manipulation surgery (in adolescence)
21
Q

What are three major causes of intoeing?

A
  1. Femoral neck anteversion
  2. Internal tibial torsion
  3. Forefoot adduction
22
Q

How can it be determined if a child has flexible or fixed flat footedness?

A

Jack test

In flexible flat feet, the flattened medial arch will form with dorsiflexion of the great toe, this does not happen with the fixed variant

23
Q

What are the common causes for flexible flat footedness?

A
  1. Idiopathic
  2. Familial
  3. Ligamentous laxity
24
Q

In children flexible flat footedness is a _________ variant

A

Normal

(in adults this can be related to tibialis posterior dysfunction)

25
Q

What does fixed flat footedness suggest?

A

There is an underlying bone abnormality

(e.g. tarsal coalition)

26
Q

In which instances does fixed flat footedness present?

A
  1. Tarsal coalition (or other underlying bone abnormality)
  2. Underlying inflammatory disorder
  3. Neurological disorder
27
Q

Minor overlapping and curling of toes is ________

A

Common

28
Q

Which toe is most commonyl affected by curly toes?

A

Fifth toe (little toe)

29
Q

What is the treatment for curly toes?

A
  1. Self-correction with time (most)
  2. Surgery (cases which cause pain or persist)