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Principles of Infectious Disease > Normal Flora Versus Pathogens > Flashcards

Normal Flora Versus Pathogens Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 components of the DISEASE TRIAD?

A
  • Host (interactions with microbes)
  • Pathogen (microbial interactions)
  • Environment
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2
Q

Name 4 Natural Microbial Habitats

A
  • Soil
  • Water
  • Air
  • Animals and Animal Products
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3
Q

Name 4 Host- Microbe Interactions

A
  • Symbiosis
  • Mutualism
  • Commensalism
  • Parasitism
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4
Q

Symbiosis

A
  • Neutral, antagonistic or synergistic relationship between two dissimilar organisms (Symbiotes, Symbionts) living in close association with each other
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5
Q

Mutualism

A
  • Mutually beneficial relationship between two species
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6
Q

Commensalism

A
  • Relationship between two species in which one is benefitted and the other is not affected, neither negatively or positively
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7
Q

Parasitism

A
  • Relationship between two species in which one benefits (the parasite) from the other (the host)
  • Usually involves detriment to the host- NOT ALWAYS
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8
Q

Flora or Microbiota

A
  • Microorganisms present in or characteristic of a special location
  • FLORA usually refers to PLANTS
  • FAUNA usually refers to ANIMALS
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9
Q

INDIGENOUS (Resident) Microbiota

A
  • Microbial flora typically occupying a particular niche

due to diversity of environmental conditions, organisms tend to segregate

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10
Q

TRANSIENT Flora

A

-Microbial flora only temporarily occupying a given niche

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11
Q

NICHE

A
  • Place of an organism within its community (ecosystem)
  • Unique position occupied by a particular species
  • Actual physical space occupied and function performed within an ecosystem
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12
Q

OPPORTUNISTIC

A
  • Microbes which cause little clinical or pathological disturbances to the normal bodily state
  • Can become invasive and cause disease when defenses are disturbed/ compromised
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13
Q

RESIDENT Flora

A
  • Bacteria
  • Fungi
  • Protozoa
  • Viruses
  • Arthropods
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14
Q

What part of the body has the highest number of resident bacteria?

A

LARGE INTESTINE

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15
Q

How do RESIDENT FLORA protect their HOSTS?

A

Prevent the growth of harmful bacteria

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16
Q

Does the body have more cells or bacteria?

A

BACTERIA !!! (10^14)
versus
cells (10^13)

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17
Q

Locations of the Normal Animal Body that contain Microbial Flora

A 
Skin
Respiratory Tract
Eye (Conjunctiva)
Outer Ear
Intestinal Tract**
Genitourinary Tract
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18
Q

Sterile Sites in the Host

A
  • Brain
  • Blood, Tissues, Organ Systems
  • Lower Respiratory Tract (Larynx, Trachea, Bronchioles, Bronchi, Lungs, Alveoli)
  • Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, posterior urethra
  • Uterus, Endometrium, Fallopian Tubes, Cervix, and Endocervix
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19
Q

Resident Flora of SKIN

A
  • Colonize the epidermis

- Mainly Staphylococcus species

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20
Q

Resident Flora of ORAL CAVITY

A
  • Colonize cheeks, gums, teeth
  • Aerobic AND anaerobic
  • Mainly Streptococcus species
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21
Q

Resident Flora of the STOMACH AND INTESTINE

A
  • Stomach: Helicobacter pylori
  • Large Intestine: mostly anaerobic bacteria
  • 10- 30% of fecal volume
  • E.coli, Lactobacillus
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22
Q

Resident Flora of the UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT

A
  • Microbes often from skin or oral cavity

- Steptococcus and Staphylococcus

23
Q

Resident Flora of the GENITAL TRACT

A
  • Vaginal flora influenced by hormones
  • Flora changes before and after puberty
  • Microbes like Lactobacillus
24
Q

Resident Flora of the URETHRA

A
  • Microbes often from skin near urethral orifice

- Many opportunistic bacteria

25
Q

Role of NORMAL FLORA

A
  • Common source of infection (ex: e coli causing UTI)
  • Immune stimulation (ex: blood type)
  • Keep out invaders
  • Role in nutrition and metabolism (ex: E coli synthesize Vit K)
26
Q

Factors Controlling Growth of Microorganisms

A
  • Nutrient Availability
  • Physico/environmental Parameters
  • Competition
  • Host Immune System
27
Q

Nutrient Availability

A
  • Accessibility of a necessary resource, substance or compound providing nourishment to maintain life
  • (FASTIDIOUS organisms- have complex nutritional or cultural requirements, making isolation and culture more difficult)
28
Q

Physico/Environmental Parameters

A

1) Water activity/ osmotic pressure
2) Oxygen: metabolic oxygen requirements
- Obligate or Facultative
- Anerobic or aerobic
- Microaerophilic (in between aerobic and anerobic)
3) pH of environment
4) Temperature
- Psycrophile ( growth at 15 - 20 deg C)
- Mesophile (growth at 20 - 45 deg C)
- Thermophile (growth at 50 - 70 deg C)

29
Q

Competition

A
  • Silmultaneous demand by 2 or more organisms or species for a necessary, common resource or physical space that is limited or potentially limited supply
  • Results in struggle for survival
30
Q

Host Immune System

A
  • Cells and tissues involved in recognizing and attacking foreign substances in the body
31
Q

Acquiring Infectious Agents

A
  • Portal of Entry
  • Colonization
  • Invasion
  • Multiplication
32
Q

Portals of Entry

A
  • Ingestion
  • Inhalation
  • Direct Penetration (trauma, surgical procedure, needle stick, arthropod bite, sexual transmission, transplacental)
33
Q

Colonization

A
  • Successful occupation of a new habitat by a species not normally found in this niche
  • Damage can be from none to great
  • Usually no invasion
34
Q

How does colonization occur?

A
  • Adherence (attachment): close association of bacterial cells and host cells generally characterized by RECEPTORS on TARGET sites
  • ADHESIN: structure or macromolecule located on the surface of a cell or extracellularly that FACILITATES ADHERENCE of a cell to a surface or to another cell
  • Site of attachment is often a SPECIFIC RECEPTOR
  • Adherence may be NON SPECIFIC
35
Q

Invasion

A
  • Entry and spread throughout cells and/or tissues of host
  • Specific recognition of receptor sites on target cells enhances pathogenic advantage
  • INVASIN: structures or macromolecules that facilitate invasion by a pathogenic microorganism
36
Q

Multiplication

A
  • Ability of a microorganism to reproduce during an infection
37
Q

What is MULTIPLICATION influenced by?

A

Underlying disease Immunologic status Antibiotic treatment Nutrient availability

38
Q

Transmission of Disease

A

1) Entrance
2) Colonization
3) Penetration
4) Vector

39
Q

What are entrance, colonization and penetration dependent on?

A
  • Age
  • Nutrition
  • Immunologic state
  • General Health of Host
  • Virulence Factors
40
Q

What is a vector?

A
  • A carrier
  • Transfers an infectious disease from one host to another
  • Usually an arthropod
41
Q

What is a CARRIER?

A
  • Symptomless individual who is host to a pathogenic microorganism with the potential to pass the pathogen to others
    (usually w/i the same species)
42
Q

What is a NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION?

A
  • Infection acquired in a hospital setting that was not present in the host prior to admission
  • Generally occurs within 72 hours
43
Q

PATHOGENICITY

A
  • Quality of PRODUCING DISEASE or ability to produce pathologic changes or disease
44
Q

VIRULENCE

A
  • MEASURE OF PATHOGENICITY
  • Measurement of degree of disease producing ability of a microorganism
  • Indicated by severity of disease produced
45
Q

DOSAGE

A

Number of pathogenic microorganisms entering a host

46
Q

TRUE PATHOGEN

A
  • Any microorganism capable of causing disease

- An infecting agent

47
Q

OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGEN

A
  • A usually harmless
    microorganism that becomes pathogenic under favorable
    conditions causing an
    opportunistic infection
48
Q

INFECTION

A

Colonization and/or
invasion and multiplication
of pathogenic microorganisms in a host with or without
manifestation of disease

49
Q

DISEASE

A
  • Abnormal condition of body function(s) or structure that is considered harmful to the affected individual (host)
  • Any deviation from or interruption of normal
    structure or function of any part, organ, or body system
50
Q

CONTAGIOUS

A
  • Capable of being transmitted from one host to another
  • Communicable
  • Infectious
51
Q

INFECTIOUS DOSE

A

Number of pathogenic organisms required to cause disease in a given host
- DOSAGE

52
Q

EPIDEMIC

A

-Disease occurring suddenly in numbers clearly

in excess of normal expectancy

53
Q

ENDEMIC

A
  • Disease present or usually prevalent in a population or geographic area at all times
54
Q

PANDEMIC

A
  • A widespread epidemic distributed or occuring

widely throughout a region, country, continent, or globally

Principles of Infectious Disease (4 decks)

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