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Biochemistry > Normal structure of bone and bone cells > Flashcards

Normal structure of bone and bone cells Flashcards

1
Q

What type of tissue is bone?

A

Specialised form of living connective tissue

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2
Q

How does the fibrous matrix in bone give it strength?

A

Allows bone to withstand high compressive loads

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3
Q

What is stored in bone?

A

Mineral ions

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4
Q

What is the most abundant mineral ion found in bone?

A

Calcium

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5
Q

What are the 2 types of bone?

A

Cortical/compact bone

Cancellous/trabecular/spongy bone

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6
Q

In cortical/compact bone, what is the proportion of bone compared to spaces?

A

High proportion of bone so there are few spaces

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7
Q

In cancellous/trabecular/spongy bone, what is the proportion of bone compared to spaces?

A

Low proportion of bone so there are lots of spaces

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8
Q

What type of bone causes a more severe bone fracture?

A

Cortical/compact

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9
Q

Why is a cortical/compact bone fracture more severe in post-pubescents than children?

A

Children can still change and regenerate cortical bone, but post-pubescents can’t

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10
Q

What is the trabeculae, that is found in trabecular bone?

A

Network of rods and plates

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11
Q

How can the substance bone matrix be described?

A

Non-living, intercellular

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12
Q

What component of bone makes up most of the bone mass?

A

Bone matrix

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13
Q

What collagenous protein is present in the bone matrix?

A

Type 1 collagen

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14
Q

What 3 non-collagenous proteins are present in the bone matrix?

A

Proteoglycan, osteocalcin, osteonectin

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15
Q

What is the function of type 1 collagen in the bone matrix?

A

Assembles into triple-stranded fibres that form 3D scaffold for bone cells and tissues to develop from

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16
Q

What are the 3 functions of proteoglycan in the bone matrix?

A

Aids regulation of collagen fibrogenesis, ion movement and forms compression-resistant networks between fibres

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17
Q

What are the 2 functions of osteocalcin in the bone matrix?

A

Binds to calcium, aids bone endocrine function (that can also affect other organs)

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18
Q

What is the function of osteonectin in the bone matrix?

A

Helps to influence bone mineralisation during formation as it binds HA and collagen so regulates calcium release (from HA)

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19
Q

In woven bone, what are 3 characteristics of the collagen pattern?

A

Random fibre orientation, immature form as cross-links haven’t formed between collagen fibrils to produce tight fibres, large and numerous osteocytes

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20
Q

What condition causes collagen to be laid down in an irregular way in woven bone?

A

Rapid new bone formation, such as in repair of a fracture

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21
Q

What are the 2 types of mature lamellar bone?

A

Cortical or spongy bone

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22
Q

Where is lamellar bone found in the body?

A

Almost whole of adult skeleton

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23
Q

What units is lamellar bone made up of?

A

Lamellae

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24
Q

In lamellae bone, is the collagen pattern in a distinct or random orientation?

A

Distinct

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25
Q

In a long bone, what is the cortex made of?

A

Compact bone ‘shell’

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26
Q

In a long bone, what structure does the cortex cover?

A

Medullary/marrow cavity

27
Q

What is the medullary/marrow cavity function in a long bone?

A

Site of red marrow, where blood cells are produced in immature bone eg. children’s bones

28
Q

In the medullary/marrow cavity of a long bone, what replaces the red marrow as the person ages?

A

Inactive yellow marrow

29
Q

What gives yellow marrow its colour?

A

Adipose tissue

30
Q

What is the diaphysis of a long bone?

A

Cylindrical shaft

31
Q

What is the epiphysis of a long bone?

A

Expanded end of the bone

32
Q

What is the metaphysis of a long bone?

A

‘neck’ region of bone that is between epiphysis and diaphysis

33
Q

What part of the epiphysis structure extends into the metaphysis structure in a long bone?

A

Spongy bone walls

34
Q

What structure does the metaphysis contain that is present in children (immature bone)?

A

Growth plate

35
Q

What happens to the growth plate in the metaphysis as the bone matures?

A

Growth plate ossifies to become epiphyseal line

36
Q

What is the periosteum of a long bone?

A

Thin layer of connective tissue that covers outer surface of bones except articular surfaces

37
Q

What part of the long bone isn’t covered by the periosteum?

A

Articular surface

38
Q

What cells are present in the inner layer of the periosteum of long bones?

A

Osteoprogenitor/osteogenic cells

39
Q

What 2 structures are present in the outer fibrous layer of the periosteum of long bones?

A

Blood vessels, nerves

40
Q

What are Sharpey’s fibres?

A

Periosteal collagenous fibres that protrude into bone matrix to bind periosteum to bone

41
Q

How do blood vessels and nerves in the outer fibrous layer of the periosteum travel to supply bone cells?

A

Pass through Haversian canal then Volkmann canals

42
Q

What is the endosteum of a long bone?

A

Cellular layer that covers inner surfaces of bone eg. lines medullary cavity of cortical bone, lines trabeculae in spongy bone

43
Q

In a osteon/haversian system, what is the name of the central canal?

A

Haversian canal

44
Q

What are the 4 bone cells?

A

Osteocyte, osteoblast, osteoclast, bone lining cell

45
Q

What are the 3 functions of osteoblasts?

A

Synthesis and mineralisation of bone matrix

Secretion of osteoid

Bone formation

46
Q

What is osteoid?

A

Unmineralised collagen-proteoglycan matrix that binds calcium, is the organic component of bone matrix

47
Q

What happens to the bone matrix when osteoid binds to calcium?

A

Bone matrix hardens and osteoblasts are trapped in lacunae, entrapment causes osteoblasts to change into osteocytes

48
Q

What is the shape of an osteoblast?

A

Cuboidal cell

49
Q

What are the 2 processes that require osteoblasts to contain many organelles?

A

Necessary for high amounts of protein synthesis and secretion

50
Q

What kind of layer do osteoblasts form on the bone surface?

A

Epithelioid layer

51
Q

What is the main function of bone lining cells?

A

They are inactivated osteoblasts on the bone surface that can be reactivated into active osteoblasts

52
Q

Why do bone lining cells and osteocytes co-operate?

A

Regulate calcium exchange from bone

53
Q

What are the 3 functions of osteocytes?

A

Regulate bone formation and resorption

regulate calcium homeostasis

detect mechanical stress due to extent of physical loading/strain

54
Q

How are osteocytes formed?

A

Osteoblasts trapped in lacunae in bone matrix during apposition (increase in bone diameter), and can’t secrete osteoid anymore so become osteocytes

55
Q

How are osteocytes in the bone matrix interconnected?

A

They have long dendritic processes that reach other osteocytes

56
Q

What is a canaliculi?

A

Narrow channel radiating from lacunae in bone matrix that contain osteocyte dendritic processes inside them, and connects with haversian canal in the osteon/haversian system

57
Q

What is the function of the canaliculi?

A

Allows diffusion of nutrients and waste between osteocytes and blood vessels

58
Q

What is the function of osteoclasts?

A

Bone resorption

59
Q

What is the structure of osteoclasts?

A

Large, polymorphic/multinucleated cell

60
Q

What are the organic and inorganic components of bone matrix?

A

Organic: Osteoid

Inorganic: HA

61
Q

How is the ruffled border of the osteoclast formed?

A

Deep membrane invaginations to form finger-like processes

62
Q

What is the function of the ruffled border of the osteoclast?

A

It is on the lower part of the osteoclast, that faces bone surface to secrete acid and proteases to break down bone

63
Q

What is the function of the clear/sealing zone of the osteoclast?

A

Contains actin filaments to anchor osteoclast to bone

Biochemistry (7 decks)

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