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Nose Flashcards

1
Q

Infraorbital orbit carries which nerve?
Complications?

A

Infraorbit, carries sensation from cheek. If damaged will cause
Anastasia-
3 causes:
Maxillary sinus cancer
Maxillary fracture
Zygomatic fracture

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2
Q

1- Most commonly fractured facial bone?
2- 2nd most commonly fractured facial bone?

A

1- nasal bone

2- zygomatic bone( mallar prominence)
Has 3 points
1spine temporal bone
2 spine frontal bone
3 spine maxillary bone

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3
Q

Zygomatic bone fracture

A

Tripod fracture
Flattening of mallar eminence + infraorbital nerve injury (anasthesia of cheek)

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4
Q

Rx of tripod fracture

A

ORIF

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5
Q

Concha classification

A

Divided into three
Covered with mucosa are called turbinates space below turbinates called meatus, also 3.

Superior
Medial
(Part of ethmoid bone)

Inferior (Independent bone)

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6
Q

Space which lies above sup. Turbinate

A

Spheno-ethmoidal recess
Or supreme meatus
As it is present between the sphenoid bone and ethmoid bone

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7
Q

Longest meatus

A

Inferior meatus

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8
Q

Inferior meatus sinus drainage

A

Nasolacrimal duct-
Downwards, outwards and backwards
Through the Valve of Hasner

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9
Q

Middle meatus sinus drainage

A

1 frontal
2 maxillary
3 anterior ethmoidal air cells
Sinuses

Is the largest meatus.
Open into the ethmoidal infundibulum

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10
Q

Superior meatus sinus drainage

A

Posterior ethmoidal air cells

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11
Q

Supreme meatus sinus drainage

A

Sphenoid sinus

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12
Q

Most constant and the largest anterior ethmoidal air cell

A

Bulla ethmoidalis

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13
Q

Anterior most ethmoidal air cell

A

Agger nasi

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14
Q

Ectopic ethmoidal air cells

A

1 Most common- Concha bullosa- inside the middle turbinate
2 Holler cell- orbital floor
3 Onodi cell- along the optic nerve

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15
Q

Neonate, preterm, cyanotic at birth, then turns pink as soon as he starts crying
Dx?
Rx?

A

Dx- Bilateral choanal atresia/ persistence of BNS

At the posterior end of the nasal cavity an opening called Choana is formed usually before birth.
BuccoNasal septum (separates the nasal- oral cavity) is present, then obliterates to form the choana. If it persists there is no passage of air.

Rx-
1st line- McGoverns technique- insert a wide bore nipple to keep oral pathway open for breathing-
Can also use godels airway (orophagyngeal airway)

Definitive- SURGICAL resection of the BNS

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16
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A

Hollow cavities inside bone
Decrease weight of bone
Responsible for resonance

1- frontal- most irregular

2- sphenoid

3- ethmoidal- also called air cells.

4- maxillary- largest, vol is 15ml. Also called antrum of hymor

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17
Q

Nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, post nasal drip, headache.
Dx

A

Dx- sinusitis
(sinuses lined by mucosa, drain into the meatus, if blocked cause congestion…infection)
Retro orbital pain- sphenoid sinus
Office headache/ periodic- frontal sinus

Most common- strep pneumonia

Investigations-( diagnostic nasal endoscopy if present)
OR
X-ray paranasal sinuses
OR
CT paranasal sinus(best radiological investigation) check air fluid levels

X-RAYS
1- All sinuses- skull lateral view/ best for sphenoid sinus

2- Waters view X-ray/ occipitomental view
(Best for maxillary sinus)
open mouth wala also called Pierre’s view
closed mouth also present

Done to check the extra sphenoid sinus

3- Caldwells view- best for frontal and ethmoidal sinus. Laterally, pt looking 15-20• downward

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18
Q

Treatment of sinusitis

A

Medical-
Antibiotic for 3 weeks
NASAL decongestant- for one week w one week gap
Or steroid spray

Surgical-
FESS functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Sone if no relief after 3 weeks of antibiotics.

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19
Q

FESS surgery Complications

A

Synechiae formation due to fibroblast action after you scrape out the sinuses

To prevent: apply mitomycin C (anti fibroblastic action)

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20
Q

All sinuses are visible on which view of x-ray?

A

X-ray skull lateral view.

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21
Q

Best view of the X-ray for all sinuses?

A

Waters view
Post. Ethmoidal air cells not visible tho

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22
Q

Complications of sinusitis

A
  1. Pain redness, swelling- periorbital
    Called orbital cellulitis
    Commonly associated with ethmoidal sinusitis
  2. Potts puffy tumour-
    Subperiosteal abscess of frontal sinus
    plus damage to the frontal bone (osteomyelitis)
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23
Q

Mucocele complication of a which sinusitis?

A

Frontal sinusitis

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24
Q

Aspergilloma complication of which sinusitis?

A

Maxillary sinusitis

Fungal.
Most common cause aspergillosis fumigatus
Fungal hyphae combine together they form a ball called aspergilloma.

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25
Q

1- Most common sinusitis in adult
2- most common sinusitis in children

A

1- Maxillary
2- Ethmoidal

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26
Q

Sequence of development of paranasal sinuses

A

M
E
S
F

PRESENT AT BIRTH- Maxillary and ethmoidal

Most developed sinus at birth- ethmoid sinus

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27
Q

Most common benign tumour paranasal sinus

A

Osteoma

Most commonly in frontal sinus

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28
Q

Most common sinus associated with malignancy

A

Malignancy = Maxillary

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29
Q

Maxillary sinus carcinoma
Investigation

A

Investigation - CT scan with no air fluid level, will be eroding born, no biopsy.

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30
Q

What is Ohngrens line + role

A

An imaginary line that divides the maxillary sinus into 2
extends from the medial canthus of the eye to the angle of mandible

Used for prognostic evaluation:
If cancer is in lower half better prognosis
If cancer is in upper half poor prognosis ( early orbital involvement)

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31
Q

Maxillary sinus carcinoma treatment

A

Total maxillectomy
Webber fergusson approach followed by radiotherapy

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32
Q

What is Inverted papilloma nose?
Rx

A

Also called ringertz tumour

Arises from the lateral wall of nose
Grows inside the wall, from mucosa towards submucosa
Unilateral

Locally, invasive,
benign, but aggressive

Rx
FESS

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33
Q

Pt taking nasal congestants for 3 month
Stop and develops rebound congestion
Dx
Rx

A

Rhinitis medicamentosa
Rx stop taking nasal decongestants
Start steroid nasal spray.

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34
Q

Sneezing,
increased watery discharge,
Nasal irritation ,
nasal obstruction,
mucosa is pale, swollen or bluish, inferior turbinate hypertrophy

A

Allergic rhinitis

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35
Q

Types of allergic rhinitis

A

Seasonal- pollen
Penennial- house dust mites
Less common after 50 years

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36
Q

Allergic rhinitis
Patho

A

Type 1 hypersensitivity
Increased Ig E levels and eosinophilia

Pale then later Bluish mucosa due to venous stasis.
Mucosa may become edematoud to form polyp esp in ethmoidal air cells
Generalised mucosal thinkening

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37
Q

Increased nasal discharge on cold exposure

A

Vasomotor rhinitis

Rx
Antihistamines

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38
Q

What are Nasal polyps?

A

Prolapsed pedunculated edematous mucosa

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39
Q

Nasal polyp types

A

Antrochoanal polyp / killians polyp
Ethmoidal / nasal polyp

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40
Q

Antrochoanal polyp / killians polyp

A

Grows from maxillary sinus towards The choana

Age- children
Most common cause- redcurrant/ chronic infections
Type- unilateral and single
Rx- FESS/ endoscopic polypectomy

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41
Q

Ethmoidal/ nasal polyp

A

Arises from the ethmoidal air cells

Age- adults
Most common cause- chronic allergy
Type- bilateral and multiple
Rx- steroid spray. If fails then FESS

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42
Q

Pt. Is known case of bronchial asthma, develops ethmoidal nasal polyp, he will be allergic to which drugs?

A

ASPIRIN

SAMTER’s TRIAD - BAN

B- bronchial asthma
A- allergy to nsaids (aspirin)
N- ethmoidal nasal polyp

Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD)

also known as Samter’s Triad, is a chronic medical condition that consists of three clinical features: asthma, sinus disease with recurrent nasal polyps, and sensitivity to aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that inhibit an enzyme called cyclooxygenase-1.

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43
Q

Mucormycosis/ ROC MM

A

Also called rhino orbital cerebral mucormycosis
MCC- rhizopus/ mucor (rhizomycetes species)

Since the fungus is ANGIO INVASIVE (damage to blood vessels)
it will penetrate and cause ischemia
Leading to necrosis and BLACKENING OF EVERYTHING.
== BLACK ESCHAR on nose eyes or pallate

In mostly immunocompromised pt. And on steroids
Life threatening

Investigations- MRI head (rule of cerebral involvement)
Nasal swab for mucor

DRUG OF CHOICE- LAMP (liposomal amphoterecin B)

Rx of choice- debridement +- exenteration (enucleation plus bones also)

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44
Q

Pt w c/o infertility and history of anosmia
Dx-

A

Kallman’s syndrome

(Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) low fsh and lh

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45
Q

Esthesioneuroblastoma

A

Malignancy of olfactory nerve

Complete loss of sense of smell

Investigation- MRI
Rx- surgical excision

1st and smallest cranial nerve- olfactory nerve

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46
Q

Framework of external nose

A

Upper 1/3rd bony.
1 pair of bone

Lower 2/3rd is cartilaginous.
3 paired cartilages

47
Q

Cartilages of nose

A

3 paired cartilages, total, six.
Biggest -
1. upper lateral Cartlidge
Below
2. Lower lateral Cartlidge also called alar cartilage.
At the junction between upper and lower ,
3. Sesamoid Cartlidge also called lesser alar.

48
Q

Narrowest portion of nasal cavity

A

The junction between the upper and lower lateral cartilage called nasal valve.
Most common side of blockage

49
Q

Test to check nasal patency

A

Cottles manoeuvre

50
Q

Rhinophyma (potato nose)

A

Hyper trophy of sebaceous glands of skin of external nose
Turn on the
Rx. Laser excision with skin grafting.

Subtype of acne rosacea

51
Q

Saddle nose

A

Depression over external loss, mostly caused due to trauma because of damage of bone or cartilage
or granulomatous conditions like leprosy syphilis or SLE

Rx. Augmentation rhinoplasty. Iliac crest used as a draft

52
Q

Basal cell carcinoma/ rodent ulcer

A
  • Ulceration/ necrosis at the base and rolled out edges
  • Seen on medial canthus or lateral wall of the nose
  • Most common cancer of skin of face
  • Will never metastasise ( brain tumour also never mets)

Rx. Wide local excision. WLE
OR EXCISIONAL BIOPSY

53
Q

Rhinolith

A

Nasal stones.
Complains of nasal blockage, foul smell and discharge. Decrease sense of smell. Epistaxes also common if sharp edges.

Rx. Endoscopic removal

Stones usually formed by calcium carbonate, crystals, magnesium carbonate, magnesium phosphate

54
Q

Nasal myiasis

A

Maggot infestation in the nose by larvae of Cryosomia specie (housefly)

Homeless person with poor hygiene.

Foul-smelling, hyposmia, anosmia, nasal blockage

Rx. Maggot oil(chloroform)
OR Turpentine oil

55
Q

Most common fractured facial bone

A

Nasal bone

56
Q

Nasal bone fracture

A

Rx. Immediate closed reduction.
With ✨walsham forceps.✨
Before edema sets in.

It’s patient comes late with edema wait for 7 to 10 days for edema to subside, then go for a closed reduction.

57
Q

Nasal septum fracture types

A
  1. Force from front causes horizontal fracture- jarjjaway fracture
  2. Force from below causes, vertical fracture - chevallet fracture

Rx. Closed reduction with ✨ash septum forceps, ✨ which are angulated.

A for Ash
A for Angulated

58
Q

What are 3 main parts of Medial wall of nose (nasal septum)

A

1 septal/ quadrangular cartilage
2 Vomer
3 Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone

59
Q

Minor contributions in the nasal septum

A

1 Crest of maxillary and Palatine bone
2 rostrum of sphenoid bone,
3 nasal spine of the maxilla,
4 nasal spinal frontal bone

60
Q

Deviated nasal septum
diagnosis
treatment

A

Clinical features:
-external is a deformity
-Crusts in wider side
-Epistaxes due to sharp spur
-Sludders neuralgia: headache, due to -irritation of nerves by the spur
-nasal congestion on the narrow side

Hyper trophy of inferior turbinate in the wider/patent side- strawberry/ mulberry nasal mucosa

Rx- septoplasty
(Synechie may form so give mitomycin C)

Most patients are asymptomatic

61
Q

strawberry/ mulberry nasal mucosa

A

Hyper trophy of inferior turbinate in the wider/patent side in DEVIATED NASAL SEPTUM

62
Q

Hx of fist fight
Complaint of nasal blockage
With BL Nasal swellings
Dx
Rx

A

Septal hematoma
Rx-
1 aspiration/excision and drainage followed by packing

63
Q

Septal perforation

A

Caused by trauma.
If hematoma not treated it will become infected and necrotise the septum making an opening/ hope

64
Q

Septal perforation caused by which local anaesthetic

A

Cocaine

65
Q

How does cocaine cause nasal perforation?

A

It is a potent vasoconstrictor, if taken in high doses and chronically it can cause constriction and stop the blood supply that will cause necrosis and perforation

66
Q

Bony septal perforation caused by what

A

Syphilis

67
Q

Septal perforation in cartilage caused by what

A

Leprosy and tuberculosis

68
Q

Septal perforation of both, bone and cartilage caused by what

A

Wegeners granulomatosis/ granulomatosis with polyangitis

69
Q

Septal perforation
treatment
diagnosis

A

Characteristic whistling sound

Treatment: septal buttons or obturators

70
Q

Female patient with nasal stuffiness, + merciful anosmia (foul smell)
Crusts and nasal cavity

A

Atrophic rhinitis

More common in females around puberty

71
Q

Atrophic rhinitis caused by?

A

Autoimmune
Vitamin D deficiency
Oestrogen deficiency
Klebsiella ozeane

Also known as ozeana

72
Q

Why is there an excessive crust formation in atrophic rhinitis?

A

As there is atrophy of the mucosa, submucosa and bony part of the turbinates, the nasal cavity will become rider, some more at pass through causing excessive drying of mucus.

Mucus will also get infected causing foul smell.

73
Q

What is merciful anosmia?

A

When the person has lost sense of smell, and there is foul smell coming from the crust formation, but the patient himself cannot smell it

74
Q

Why is there merciful anosmia in atrophic rhinitis?

A

As there is a trophy of the turbinates, there is also a trophy of the olfactory nerves present at the apex of the nasal cavity that causes complete anosmia

75
Q

Atrophic rhinitis treatment

A

Treatment of choice: alkaline nasal douching

Solution of NaCl and NaCo3 pushed into the nasal cavity with the help of a syringe, so all the crusts come out getting rid of the foul smell

Surgery is done after this fails
Sergio choice is — modified Young’s operation

76
Q

Modified Young’s operation

A

Permanent partial closure of both the nasal cavities

Non-modified was you close one cavity for six months and then open it and then close the other cavity for another six months

77
Q

Male from Rajasthan
History similar to atrophic rhinitis
Obstruction, Crust, foul smell, merciful anosmia
+
Nodules over external nose, and Woody hard nose

A

Rhinoscleroma/ woody nose

78
Q

Rhinoscleroma
Cause

A

Bacterial infection caused by klebsiella rhinoscleromatis
Also known as, fresh bacillus

Stage 1 exactly similar to Atrophic rhinitis (catarrhal)
Stage 2 woody nose (granulomatous)
Stage 3 complete fibrosis of nose (sclerotic)

79
Q

Rhinoscleroma biopsy histo pathology

A

The Mikulicz cell is a large macrophage with clear cytoplasm that contains the bacilli

Russell’s bodies

80
Q

Rhinoscleroma treatment

A

Streptomycin, plus tetracycline

81
Q

Strawberry/Mulberry nasal Mass scene in which condition

A

Rhinosporidiosis

82
Q

Rhinosporidiosis
Cause
Rx

A

Caused by rhinosporidium seeberi
Which is an aquatic protozoa

Pt will come w strawberry mass and epistaxis

Rx. Excision of mass and cauterisation of the base
DOC- to prevent recurrence = dapsone

83
Q

CSF Rhinorrhea
Cause
diagnosis

A

Cause- trauma or iatrogenic (during surgery) infection or erosion of the CRIBRIFORM PLATE

diagnosis-
1- ask patient to sniff, sniffing back will not be possible with CSF
2- handkerchief test- spread some fluid on the handkerchief, will remain
Watery with CSF
3- if there’s bloody discharge, take sample on a filter paper, the blood and CSF will separate out in concentric rings target sign

Blood will form a halo around CSF halo sign

84
Q

CSF rhinorrhoea investigation

A

Best investigation gold standard - send sample for culture and look for (estimation) protein called beta 2 transferrin
If Present, it is CSF.

Best radiological investigation-
HRCT skull base

85
Q

CSF rhinorrhea Rx

A

Conservative management-
ask patient for bedrest
Give mannitol
to decrease intracranial pressure

Give antibiotics to avoid meningitis

Continue for 7 to 14 days after that do surgical repair

86
Q

Blood supply of nose

A

Above the middle turbinate= (20%)
internal carotid artery branches
- Anterior ethmoidal artery
- posterior ethmoidal artery

Below the middle turbinate= (80%)
External carotid artery branches:

  • Superior labial artery branch of facial artery
  • Sphenopalatine artery and greater palatine artery = branches of maxillary artery
87
Q

Which artery is known as the artery of epistaxes?

A

Sphenopalatine artery

88
Q

Most common site for epistaxes

A

Littles area
At the anteroinferior part of the nose were the 5 arteries form a plexus known as kiesselbach’s plexus.

89
Q

The Kiesselbach plexus arteries

A

anterior ethmoid,
greater palatine,
sphenopalatine,
and superior labial artery

90
Q

Which artery is not part of Keisselbachs plexus

A

Posterior ethmoidal artery

91
Q

Most common type of epistaxes in children

A

Anterior epistaxis
mostly caused by Nail picking and trauma

92
Q

Causes of epistaxis

A

Bleeding disorders:
Von Willebrand disease and
Haemophilia
Deficiency of clotting factors: cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome
thrombocytopenia: ITP and Dengue

93
Q

Person suffering from epistaxis, on pinching nostrils the bleeding did not stop, on examination, bleeding side was not identified
next line of management?

A

1- Pinch nostrils for 5 to 7 minutes. Ask patient to set bending forward.

2- If fails go for electrical or a chemical cauterisation after identifying bleeding side.
Use silver nitrate, or phenol solution for chemical cauterisation
3- packing ( either posterior or anterior using foleys catheter or nasal pacing catheter)
If fails
4- ESPAL - endoscopic sphenopalatine artery ligation

94
Q

If ESPAL - endoscopic sphenopalatine artery ligation fails (flowchart)

A

1-Sphenopalatine arteryligation
2-Maxillary artery ligation
3-External carotid artery ligation

DO NOT LIGATE AFTER THAT (ICA)

LIGATE the ant. And post. Ethmoidal arteries

95
Q

Cause of epistaxes in the elderly

A

Uncontrolled hypertension.

More likely, there is posterior epistaxes from the Woodruff’s plexus which is a venous plexus

96
Q

Maxillary sinus carcinoma types

A

1- nickel exposure- squamous cell carcinoma
2- hardwood dust/ furniture dust- adeno carcinoma

97
Q

Pt. presents with:
weight loss,
cheek Anastasia,
cheek mass,
nasal blockage
Dx?

A

Maxillary sinus carcinoma

98
Q

BLACK ESCHAR on nose eyes or pallate
Rx

A

Mucormycosis

99
Q

Allergic rhinitis investigations

A
  1. Total and differential count: Eosinophil count may rise in the peripheral blood. This is not a very sensitive test and may be normal.
  2. Nasal smear: made during active phase. may show large number of eosinophils.
  3. Serum IgE level: A high serum IgE level is present in patients having allergy.
  4. RAST test: Radio-Allergo-Sorbent test (RAST) measures the specific IgE antibodies concentration in the patient’s serum.
  5. Nasal provocation test: In this test, different allergens are applied on the patient’s nasal mucosa and its response is noted. It is similar to skin test with specific allergens.
  6. Skin tests: Specific allergens are given intradermally and its response is noted.
  7. Imaging studies:
    Plain X-ray PNS (water’s view) or CT scan nose and PNS without contrast.
100
Q

Allergic rhinitis Rx

A
  1. Avoidance
  2. Antihistamines
  3. Decongestants (pseudoephedrine) 10days
  4. Mast cell stabilisers (sodium chromoglycate 2%)
  5. Leukotriene inhibitors (montelukast zafirlukast)
  6. Corticosteroids (oral and topical)
  7. immunotherapy
  8. Anticholinergics (topical ipratropium bromide)
  9. Anti- IgE antibody (omalizumab)
  10. Surgical: only for inferior turbinate hypertrophy or polyps
101
Q

ARIA classification for allergic rhinitis

A
  1. Mild:
    - Sleep: Normal
    - Daily activities (includes sports):
    Normal
    - Work or school activities: Normal
    - Severe symptoms: No
  2. Intermittent
    Symptoms present for:
    - < 4 days/week
    - or < 4 weeks
  3. Persistent
    Symptoms present for.
    - > 4 days/week
    - or > 4 weeks
  4. Moderate to Severe
    One or more of the following present.
    - Sleep: Disturbed
    Daily activities: Restricted
    - Work or school activities: Disrupted
    - Severe symptoms: Yes
102
Q

Viral rhinosinusitis

A

Common cold or coryza
Air borne
Adenovirus, rhinovirus, coxsakie virus
1-7 days resolution

103
Q

Irritation and burning in the nose.
Sneezing.
Rhinorrhea: watery.
Nasal obstruction.
Fever.
Headache.
Malaise and bodyache.
Dx.

A

Viral rhinosinusitis

104
Q

Rx viral rhinosinusitis

A

• Mainly symptomatic.
• Bed rest.
• Antihistamine: for rhinorrhea and irritation.
• Nasal decongestant: for nasal obstruction.
• Analgesic and antipyretic.
• Steam inhalation.
• Antibiotic: if Secondary bacterial infection

105
Q

Post op after care for septal surgery

A

NPO: 4 to 6 hours in cases of G/A.
• Position: supine with the head end up.
• Soft diet.
• Antibiotic and analgesic.
• Removal of pack: after 24 to 48 hours.
• Cleaning of the nose: nasal douching.
• Application of topical lubricant in the nose.
• Removal of splints: if placed after 10 to 14 days.

106
Q

Types of DNS

A

‘C’ shaped septum

‘S’ shaped septum

septal spur

thickened nasal septum.

107
Q

4 Types of cartilage settings after fracture

A
  1. edge to edge angulation
  2. angulation with overlap
  3. bowing of edges
  4. duplication of edges.
108
Q

Nasal foreign body

A

Pt may come w unilateral foul smelling discharge, nasal congestion

Istg. X-ray lateral view
Rx.
Under general anaesthesia
Flat things- Removal thru crocodile forceps
Round- hook or probe
V large pushed to the nasopharynx and removed thru mouth

109
Q

Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma
Patho

A

-benign but locally aggressive tumor
- most common benign tumor of the nasopharynx.
- mostly in adolescent males so is also called a juvenile angi-ofibroma.
-age of onset: second decade.
- arises from the posterior part of lateral wall of the nose close to sphenopalatine foramen.

110
Q

Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma features

A

Profuse and recurrent epistaxis- first and most prominent presenting symptom.

progressive nasal obstruction
hyponasal voice
obstruction of the eustachian tube, conductive hearing loss
middle ear effusion
facial swelling, proposis, diplopia, broadening of nasal bridge,
palatal bulge and cranial nerve palsies
Frog face deformity

On examination in the nose and nasopharynx, a pink or purplish lobulated soft mass is seen
The mass may bleed on touch.

111
Q

Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma investigation

A

1st- CECT
Will show characteristic anterior bowing of the maxillary sinus knowns as the hollman miller sign or antral sign

X-ray lateral and waters view
LAngiography
Biopsy is ❌

112
Q

Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma Rx

A

Surgical excision of a tumor is the treatment of choice.

  1. Trans-antral.
  2. Transpalatal.
  3. Trans-mandibular.
  4. Lateral rhinotomy.
  5. Lateral pharyngeal.
  6. Mid facial degloving.
  7. Endoscopic (FESS).

Profuse bleeding during surgery is the main problem in removal of nasopharyngeal angiofibroma.

super selective embolization is done prior to surgery. Usually maxillary artery

113
Q

Common causes of unilateral nasal obstruction

A

Vestibule

• Furuncle
• Vestibulitis
• Stenosis of nares
• Atresia
• Nasoalveolar cyst
• Papilloma
• Squamous cell carcinoma

Nasal cavity

• Foreign body
• Deviated nasal septum (DNS)
• Hypertrophic turbinates
• Concha bullosa
• Antrochoanal polyp
• Synechia
• Rhinolith
• Bleeding polypus of septum
• Benign and malignant tumours of nose and paranasal sinuses
• Sinusitis, unilateral

Nasopharynx
• Unilateral choanal atresia

Ent (3 decks)

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