Nose and Throat (larynx)

Question 1

True/false: Cats and dogs both have paired lateral nasal glands with similar secretions and functions.

Answer 1

False: dogs more serous, cats less overall and more mucus.

IgA in serous fluid may contribute to immunity

Question 2

What CNS center is associated with positive olfaction?

Answer 2

caudate nucleus

Question 3

What areas of the nose are primarily dedicated to olfaction?

Answer 3

caudodorsal portion nasal mucosa

Question 4

True/false: The alar fold is a bulbous extension of the ventral nasal conchae that fuses with the wing of the nostril

Answer 4

True

Question 5

true/false: The orbicularis oris acts to increase the diameter of the nares

Answer 5

False: levator nasolabilis m.; levator labii maxillaries m + labial part (caninus m)

Question 6

Which of the following is most true in regards to palate formation?
A Unilateral cleft lips are usually seen on the right
B The medial nasal and maxillary prominences fuse to form the lip and primary palate in dogs and cats
C The secondary palate is formed by palatal shelves that grow vertically down and then elevate to join with each other above the tongue
D Clefts can occur at from intrauterine trauma at any time before day 25

Answer 6

C true
A(LEFT)
B  form the lip and primary palate in dogs and cats (JUST THE MAXILLARY)
D Clefts (MUST BE BETWEEN DAYS 25-28 IN DOGS)

Question 7

Which TRUE soft palate?
A Blood supply to the soft palate is via the major palatine arteries
B Motor nerves to the palate are an important part of the mechanism to trigger swallowing
C The palatinus muscle elevates the soft palate
D Palatopharyngeus muscles draw the caudal soft palate, palatopharyngeal arches, and caudal pharynx together during swallowing

Answer 7

D true
soft palate is MINOR palatine arteries
SENSORY nerves to the palate are an important part of the mechanism to trigger swallowing
LEVATOR VELI PALATINE muscle elevates the soft palate

Question 8

find the True?
A Incisive duct communicate with the vomernasal organ and exits lateral to the maxillary PM4
B The minor palatine branch of the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve provide motor innervation
C Congenital palatal defects are best closed between 3-4 months of age
D Brachycephalic breeds are at a lower risk of developing defects of the primary and secondary palates

Answer 8

C true
A Incisive duct communicate with the vomernasal organ and exits ROSTRAL TO THE FIRST TRANSVERSE RIDGE [medial to the maxilary PM4 (MAJOR PALATINE FORAMINA)]
B The minor palatine branch of the trigeminal nerve provide SENSORY innervation
D Brachycephalic breeds = HIGHER risk

Question 9

True or False?
The left recurrent laryngeal nerve arches around the aorta and ascends the trachea and the right recurrent laryngeal nerve arches around the subclavian artery and ascends the aorta

Answer 9

true

Question 10

True or False?

Feline arytenoid cartilages lack cuneiform and corniculate processes?

Answer 10

true aryepiglottic folds also absent

Question 11

Which of the following is false regarding laryngeal anatomy?
A. The larynx is made up from 6 cartilages including the epiglottic, thyroid, cricoid, sesamoid, interarytenoid, and paired arytenoid
B. The arytenoid cartilage has 3 processes including the cuneiform, corniculate, and muscular process
C. The muscular process serves as the insertion point for the cricoarytenoideus dorsalis
D. The thyropharyngeus is innervated by the glossopharyngeal and vagal nerves

Answer 11

B. Arytenoid cartilage also has a vocal process (4 total processes)

Question 12

When are most corrections for congenital soft palates performed?

Answer 12

3-4 months

Question 13

What nerve innervates the cricothyroideus?

Answer 13

Cranial laryngeal nerve

its an intrinsic muscle, but the exception to the caudal laryngeal nerve innervation

Question 14

What muscles does the caudal laryngeal nerve innervate?

Answer 14

intrinsic muscles of the larynx= cricoarytenoideus dorsalis, cricoarytenoid lateralis, thyroarytenoideus, –> ventricularis, vocalis, arytenoideus transversus, hyoepiglotticus
MOTOR function

Question 15

What are the extrinsic muscles of the larynx?

Answer 15

thyropharyngeus + cricopharyngeus

Question 16

What nerve is afferent limb of the cough reflex?

Answer 16

vagus –> cranial laryngeal –> internal branch = sensory to laryngeal mucosa

Question 17

What are the grades/stages of laryngeal collapse?

Answer 17

I = mild, laryngeal saccule eversion
II = cuneiform process of arytenoid loses its rigidity and becomes medially displaced
III = corniculate processes collapse, resulting in loss of the dorsal arch of the rima glottidis and subsequent airway obstruction

Question 18

what are clinical signs of brachycephalic syndrome?

Answer 18

Inspiratory stertor, Stridor
Coughing, Gagging, Dyspnea
Regurgitation, vomiting
Exercise intolerance
syncope

Question 19

what are some primary changes for brachycephalic syndrome?

Answer 19

Stenotic nares (43-85%)
Elongated soft palate (86-96%)
Redundant pharyngeal folds, hypoplastic trachea(38%), nasopharyngeal turbinates

Question 20

what are the bones in the hyoid apparatus (5)?

the stylish elephant can bewitch thousands

Answer 20

tympanohyoid cartilage–> stylohyoid bone–> epihyoid –> ceratohyoid–> basi hyoid
and thyrohyoid