Nose, Mouth, Throat

Question 1

name the functions of the nose

Answer 1

the nose is the first segment of the respiratory system
- it warms + moistens + filters inhaled hair, it is the sensory organ for smell

Question 2

describe the size + components of the nasal cavity

Answer 2

inside nasal cavity is larger than external nose would indicate, anterior edge of cavity is lined with numerous coarse nasal hairs or vibrissae, the rest is lined with a blanket of ciliated mucous membranes

Question 3

list the 4 sets of paranasal sinuses + locations

Answer 3

1. frontal sinus = in frontal bone, above medial orbits
2. maxillary sinus = in maxilla (above cheek bones) along sides of nasal cavity
3. ethmoid sinus = between orbits
4. sphenoid sinus = deep within the skull + sphenoid bone

Question 4

list the 3 pairs of salivary glands, including the location and their duct openings

Answer 4

1. parotid = largest gland, lies within the cheeks in front of ear, extending from zygomatic arch down to angle of jaw, ducts = stensen’s duct = runs forward to the buccal mucosa (opposite of second molar)
2. submandibular = size of walnut. lies beneath mandible at angle of jaw, Wharton’s duct runs up + forward to the floor of the mouth + opens at either side of frenulum
   3.sublingual = smallest gland, size of an almond, lies within the floor of the mouth, under the tongue

Question 5

following tooth loss in the middle aged or older adults, describe the consequences of chewing with remaining maloccluded teeth

Answer 5

• causes further tooth loss
• muscle imbalance from mandible + maxilla out of alignment - produces muscle spasm, tenderness + chronic headaches

Question 6

describe the appearance of a deviated nasal septum + perforated septum

Answer 6

deviated = looks like a hump or shelf in one nasal cavity
perforated = seen as a spot of light from a pen light

Question 7

describe the appearance of a torus palatinus and explain its significance

Answer 7

normal variation is a nodular bony, ridge down middle of hard palate, benign growth arises after puberty

Question 8

describe leukoedema

Answer 8

benign, milky, bluish, opaque area

Question 9

describe cardidasis

Answer 9

white, cheesy, curdle patch on buccal mucosa + tongue scrapes off leaving a raw, red reface that bleeds easy
- THRUSH in newborns

Question 10

describe leukoplakia

Answer 10

chalky, white, thick, raised patch with well defined boarders
lesion is firmly attached + does not scrape off

Question 11

list the 4 point grading scale for tonsils

Answer 11

1+ visible
2+ halfway
3+ touching uvula
4+ touching each other

Question 12

describe the clinical significance of these findings in the infant: suckling tubercle, Epstein pearls, and bednar

Answer 12

1. suckling tubercle = normal infant - small pad in the middle of the upper lip from friction of breast feeding/bottle feeding
2. Epstein pearls = normal newborn/infants = small, whitish, glistening, pearly papule along median raphe of hard palate + on gums where they look like teeth, they’re small retention cysts + disappear within first couple weeks
3. bednar apthae = traumatic areas / ulcers on posterior. hard palate on either side of midline, result from abrasions while suckling

Question 13

compare appearance of nasal turbinates + nasal polyps

Answer 13

nasal turbinates = quite vascular + tender if touched
nasal polyps = smooth, pale grey, avascular, mobile, non tender

Question 14

describe the appearance of ankyloglossia

Answer 14

short lingual frenulum, fixing tongue tip to floor of mouth + gums

Question 15

describe the appearance of fissure tongue

Answer 15

deep furrows divide papillae into small irregular rows, occurs in Down syndrome

Question 16

describe the appearance of geographical tongue

Answer 16

patterns of normal coating interspersed with bright with bright red, shiny, circular bald areas caused by atrophy of filiform papillary, with raised pearly boarders

Question 17

describe the appearance of black hairy tongue

Answer 17

not hairy but elongation of filiform papillae + painless overgrowth of mycelial threads of fungus, infection of tongue, occurs after use of antibiotics or smoking

Question 18

describe the appearance of macrolossia

Answer 18

enlarge tongue + may protrude from mouth, may impair speech development, occurs in Down syndrome

Question 19

describe the appearance of oral kapok’s sarcoma

Answer 19

small, flat, painless patches / bumps inside mouth that may be red, purple, pink, brown, black or blue

Question 20

define aphthous ulcers

Answer 20

small, painful, round ulcers in the oral mucosa of unknown cause; aka chancre sores

Question 21

define buccal

Answer 21

pertaining to the cheek

Question 22

define candidiasis

Answer 22

moniliasis, a white, cheesy, curd like patch on the buccal mucosa die to superficial fungal infections

Question 23

define caries

Answer 23

decay in the teeth

Question 24

define cheilities

Answer 24

red, scaling, shallow, painful issues at the corners of the mouth

Question 25

define choanal atresia

Answer 25

closure of the nasal cavity due to congenital septum between the nasal cavity + pharynx

Question 26

define crypts

Answer 26

indentation on the surface of the tonsils

Question 27

define epistaxis

Answer 27

nosebleed, usually from anterior septum

Question 28

define epulis

Answer 28

contender, fibrous nodule of the gum

Question 29

define fordyce's granules

Answer 29

small, isolated white or yellow applies on oral mucosa

Question 30

define frenulum

Answer 30

midline fold of tissue connecting the tongue to the floor of the mouth

Question 31

define gingivitis

Answer 31

red, swollen gum margins that bleed easily

Question 32

define herpes simplex 1

Answer 32

clear vesicles with red base that evolve into pustules, usually at lip-skin injection

Question 33

define koplik's spots

Answer 33

small, blue-white spots with irregular red halo scattered over mucosa opposite the molars: they are an early sign of measles

Question 34

define leukoedema

Answer 34

bilateral opalescent white appearance on the mucosa that is a variation of the normal anatomy due to cellular changes

Question 35

define leukoplakia

Answer 35

chalky-white, thick, raised patch on sides of tongue: precancerous

Question 36

define malocclusion

Answer 36

upper or lower dental arches out of alignment

Question 37

define papillae

Answer 37

rough, bumpy elevations on the dorsal surface of the tongue

Question 38

define parotid glands

Answer 38

pair of salivary glands in the cheeks in front of ears

Question 39

define pharyngitis

Answer 39

inflammation of throat

Question 40

define plaque

Answer 40

soft, whitish debris on tooth

Question 41

define polyp

Answer 41

smooth, pale grey, nodules in the nasal cavity due to chronic allergic rhinitis

Question 42

define rhinitis

Answer 42

red, swollen inflammation of nasal mucosa

Question 43

define thrush

Answer 43

oral candidiasis in newborn

Question 44

define turbinate

Answer 44

one of 3 bony projections into nasal cavity

Question 45

define uvula

Answer 45

free projection hanging down from the middle of the soft palate