not being tested

Question 1

what is the formula for calculating the magnification of an image?

Answer 1

…………………………….image size
magnification = __________
………………………………real size

Question 2

what is diffusion?

Answer 2

the net passive movement of particles down the concentration gradient from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Question 3

will a bigger concentration gradient increase or decrease the rate of diffusion?

Answer 3

increase

Question 4

will a higher temperature increase or decrease the rate of diffusion

Answer 4

increase

Question 5

what is osmosis?

Answer 5

the movement of water particle across a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration

Question 6

is osmosis a type of diffusion?

Answer 6

yes

Question 7

what does the surface area to volume ratio affect?

Answer 7

how easy it is for an organism to exchange substances with its environment

Question 8

what is the formula that links image size, real size, and magnification?

Answer 8

image size = real size x magnification

Question 9

what is the formula for total magnification?

Answer 9

total magnification = eyepiece magnification x objective lens magnification

Question 10

how do viruses make you feel ill?

Answer 10

they live inside your cells and replicate themselves using the cells’ machinery to produce many copies of themselves. The cell will usually then burst, releasing all the new viruses. This cell damage is what makes you feel ill

Question 11

what are protists?

Answer 11

single-celled eukaryotes

Question 12

what are hyphae?

Answer 12

thread-like structures that make up the body of some fungi. Hyphae can grow and penetrate human skin and the surface of plants, causing diseases. Hyphae can also produce spores, which can be spread to other plants and animals

Question 13

name three ways pathogens can be spread

Answer 13

1. Water - some pathogens can be picked up by drinking or bathing in dirty water
2. Air - pathogens can be carried in the air and can then be breathed in
3. Direct contact - some pathogens can be picked up by touching contaminated surfaces, including the skin

Question 14

Is measles fungal, viral or caused by a protist

Answer 14

viral

Question 15

how is measles spread?

Answer 15

by droplets from an infected person’s sneeze or cough

Question 16

what are the symptoms of measles?

Answer 16

a red skin rash and a fever

Question 17

name two possible complications of measles

Answer 17

measles can sometimes lead to pneumonia (a lung infection) or a brain infection called encephalitis

Question 18

is HIV a virus, a fungus, or caused by a protist

Answer 18

a virus

Question 19

how is HIV spread

Answer 19

by sexual contact, or by exchanging bodily fluids such as blood.

Question 20

what are the symptoms of HIV?

Answer 20

HIV initially causes flu-like symptoms for a few weeks. Usually, the person doesn’t then experience any symptoms for several years. The virus attacks the immune cells, and if the body’s immune system is badly damaged it can’t cope with other infections or cancers. At this stage, the virus is known as late stage HIV infection, or AIDS

Question 21

How can HIV be controlled?

Answer 21

with antiretroviral drugs, which stop the virus replicating in the body

Question 22

what virus causes a mosaic pattern on the leaves of the plants?

Answer 22

Tobacco mosaic virus

Question 23

what are the symptoms/signs of tobacco mosaic virus?

Answer 23

parts of the leaves become discoloured, which means the plant can’t carry out photosynthesis as well, so the virus affects growth

Question 24

what is an example of a fungal disease?

Answer 24

Rose black spot

Question 25

what is rose black spot?

Answer 25

a fungus that causes purple or black spots to develop on the leaves of rose plants. The leaves can then turn yellow and drop of

Question 26

why is rose black spot bad for the plant?

Answer 26

it means that less photosynthesis can happen, so the plant doesn't grow very well

Question 27

how does rose black spot spread?

Answer 27

it spreads through the environment in water or by the wind

Question 28

how is rose black spot treated?

Answer 28

using fungicides and by stripping the plant of its affected leaves. These leaves then need to be destroyed so that the fungus can't spread to other rose plants

Question 29

name an example of a disease caused by a protist

Answer 29

malaria

Question 30

how do mosquitos pick up a malarial protist?

Answer 30

by feeding on an infected animal

Question 31

how do mosquitos infect other animals with malaria?

Answer 31

every time the mosquito feeds on another animal, it infects in by inserting the protist into the animal's blood vessels

Question 32

what does malaria cause? (symptom-wise)

Answer 32

repeating episodes of fever. It can be fatal.

Question 33

how can the spread of malaria be reduced?

Answer 33

by stopping the mosquitos from breeding

Question 34

how can people be protected from mosquitos?

Answer 34

by using insecticides and mosquito nets

Question 35

how can destroying vectors help to reduce the spread of a disease?

Answer 35

by getting rid or the organisms that spread disease you can prevent the disease from being passed on. Vectors that are insects can be killed using insecticides or by destroying their habitat so that they can no longer breed

Question 36

why does your skin secrete antimicrobial substances?

Answer 36

to kill pathogens

Question 37

what are three things white blood cells could do when they detect a pathogen?

Answer 37

1. white blood cells engulf foreign cells and digest them. 2. produce antibodies 3. produce antitoxins

Question 38

what is phagocytosis?

Answer 38

the process of white blood cells engulfing foreign cells and digesting them

Question 39

how do white blood cells produce antibodies?

Answer 39

1. every invading pathogen has unique molecules (antigens) on its surface 2. when some types of white blood cells come across a foreign antigen they start to produce antibodies to lock onto the invading cells so that they can be found and destroyed by other white blood cells 3. antibodies are then produced rapidly and carried around the body to find all similar bacteria or viruses 4. if the person is infected with the same pathogen again the white blood cells will rapidly produce the antibodies to kill it - the person is naturally immune to that pathogen and won't get ill

Question 40

what do antitoxins do?

Answer 40

counteract toxins produced by the invading bacteria

Question 41

what are the five main ways that plants use glucose?

Answer 41

1. for respiration 2. making cellulose 3. making amino acids 4. stored as oils or fats 5. stored as starch

Question 42

do plants carry out respiration?

Answer 42

yes

Question 43

how is glucose used to make amino acids?

Answer 43

glucose is combined with nitrate ions (absorbed from the soil) to make amino acids, which are then made into proteins

Question 44

where is starch stored in plants?

Answer 44

roots, stems and leaves

Question 45

what are the five main ways that plants use glucose?

Answer 45

1. for respiration 2. making cellulose 3. making amino acids 4. stored as oils or fats 5. stored as starch

Question 46

what is an "oxygen debt"?

Answer 46

the amount of extra oxygen your body needs to react with the build up of lactic acid and remove it from the cells

Question 47

what are two ways we deal with the build up of lactic acid from anaerobic respiration?

Answer 47

1. pulse and breathing rate stay high while there are high levels of lactic acid and CO2 to get more oxygen to your cells to react with the lactic acid 2. the blood transports the lactic acid from your muscles to the liver, where it is converted back into glucose