Notes 2 (Digestive)

Question 1

Pepsinogen

Answer 1

Source: Chief cells of gastric glands
Function: Precursor to Pepsin

Question 2

Pepsin

Answer 2

Source: Made from Pepsinogen in the presence of HCl
Function: Protein-splitting enzyme that breaks down nearly all dietary protein

Question 3

Hydrochloric Acid

Answer 3

Source: parietal cells of gastric glands
Function: Denatures proteins and causes Pepsinogen to be converted to pepsin

Question 4

Mucus

Answer 4

Source: Goblet cells, mucous neck cells (glands)
Function: Forms a thick alkaline protective layer over the gastric mucosa (stomach wall)

Question 5

Intrinsic Factor

Answer 5

Source: parietal cells of gastric glands
Function: essential for the absorption of vitamin B-12

Question 6

Gastrin (hormone)

Answer 6

Source: G-cells of gastric glands
Function: stimulates gastric glands to release more gastric juice, makes stomach churn

Question 7

Stomach

Answer 7

Temporary storage and partial chemical and mechanical digestion of food

Question 8

Large Intestine

Answer 8

Absorb water and electrolytes, produce and absorb vitamins, and propel feces towards the rectum

Question 9

Tongue

Answer 9

moves food around the mouth to help you chew and swallow

Question 10

Epiglottis

Answer 10

keeps foods and fluid from moving into the larynx

Question 11

Gallbladder

Answer 11

Stores and concentrates bile from the liver

Question 12

Pancreas

Answer 12

Produces enzymes that help to digest food

Question 13

Liver

Answer 13

Make and secrete bile, process and purify blood

Question 14

Small intestine

Answer 14

break down food, absorb nutrients the body needs, and get rid of unnecessary nutrients

Question 15

Appendix

Answer 15

Produces and stores good microbes for human gut

Question 16

Rectum/Anus

Answer 16

pushes stool out of the body through anus

Question 17

Mechanical (physical) Digestion

Answer 17

Physical: chewing, tearing, grinding, and mixing
Chemical: chemical reaction and enzymes

Question 18

Alimentary Canal

Answer 18

Tube that moves food through
Structures: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (colon). rectum, anus

Question 19

Voluntary Stage

Answer 19

food is pushed to the back of the mouth

Question 20

Pharyngeal Stage

Answer 20

Soft palate is raised, larynx is raised, tongue moves to soft palate

Question 21

Esophageal Stage

Answer 21

Pharyngeal muscles contract, esophagus open, peristalsis begins

Question 22

Peristalsis

Answer 22

1. contraction of circular muscles behind bolus, 2. contraction of longitudinal muscles ahead of bolus, 3. contraction in circular muscles layer forces bolus forward

Question 23

Cephalic Phase

Answer 23

Begins before food enters the stomach, thinking or smelling food triggers brain to signal the digestive system to make saliva(Mucus cells), gastric juices(Chief cells), and digestive enzymes(Parietal cells).

Question 24

Gastric Phase

Answer 24

food enters the stomach. stomach secretes gastric juices (HCl and Pepsinogen). substances help break down food into semi-liquid form called chyme, essential for further digestion and nutrient absorption in the intestines.

Question 25

Intestinal Phase

Answer 25

Chyme enters small intestine. food in the small intestine stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juices and bile, aiding in digestion of fats and carbohydrates.

Question 26

Carbohydrates

Answer 26

sugar molecules used for energy for cells, tissues, and organs. found in grains, fruits, dairy, and more

Question 27

Proteins

Answer 27

Proteins are amino acids, support growth and repair tissue. found in eggs, dairy, and nuts

Question 28

Fats

Answer 28

body tissue, absorb vitamins A. B, and E. Found in meats, cheese, eggs.

Question 29

Fiber

Answer 29

type of carbohydrate, aids digestion, prevents constipation, lowers cholesterol, and regulates blood sugar levels, found in plant-based foods (fruits veggies and whole grains)

Question 30

Diabetes

Answer 30

Disrupts body processing glucose. type 1 the body doesn't produce enough insulin leading to high blood sugar. the body starts to rely on fat for energy instead of glucose. leads to metabolic complications, increased fat storage, insulin resistance, and changes utilizing carbohydrates/fats.