Notes 5 & 6

Question 1

1kb=

Answer 1

1000 base pairs

Question 2

1 Mb=

Answer 2

1,000,000 base pairs

Question 3

premRNA also known as

Answer 3

heterogenous nuclear RNA

Question 4

3 ways genes can code for multiple proteins

Answer 4

1. Alternative starts and stops
2. New reading frame
3. Splicing

Question 5

Genome

Answer 5

complete set of sequences in genetic material of organisms

includes DNA in chromosomes and mitochondria

Question 6

Transcriptome

Answer 6

Set of RNA present in a cell, tissue, or organism
Complexity due to mRNAs
Will vary depending on tissue

Question 7

Proteome

Answer 7

set of proteins expressed by entire genome within a cell at any one time
why kidneys look nothing like heart
depends on tissue

Question 8

Interactome

Answer 8

complete set of protein-protein interactions

Question 9

Metabolome

Answer 9

metabolites: glucose, pyrivic acid, lactic acid

Little molecules that make us work

Question 10

Linkage Maps

Answer 10

based on frequency of recombination between genetic markers

Question 11

Linkage break

Answer 11

more likely to occur between genes that are further apart

Question 12

Restirction Map

Answer 12

get different band sizes based on where restriction site cut

Question 13

Which exon sequences are more likely to be toward each end

Answer 13

AG at 5’

GT at 3’

Question 14

synteny

Answer 14

pieces of other organisms are in our genome (conserved, linked sequences)
mouse and human chromosomes show conserved regions

Question 15

What organelles are maternally inhertied

Answer 15

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

Question 16

Why are they easy to map?

Answer 16

There isn’t recombination

Question 17

3 things our mitochondria code for

Answer 17

13 proteins
2 rRNAs
22 tRNAs

Question 18

D-loop

Answer 18

where the origin of replication is in mitochondria

Can be variable in size and sequence

Question 19

Endosymbiant Theory

Answer 19

Mitochondria used to be bacteria.

Went in cell for protection and in exchange they gave energy

Question 20

Characteristics of mitos

Answer 20

Circular DNA
Usually only get one single transcript
Have own ribosomes

Question 21

For bacteria, ______ relates to ________

Answer 21

genome size relates to gene number

Question 22

Does genome size relate to gene number for eukaryotes?

Answer 22

NO

Question 23

Moncistronic

Answer 23

codes for one polypeptide

Question 24

Polycistronic

Answer 24

mRNA has regions representing more than one gene

Question 25

Gene families

Answer 25

Genes with conservd functions and similarities, like histones

Question 26

The larger the genome, the....

Answer 26

more gene families

Question 27

What % is protein encoding in the human genome?

Answer 27

1%

Question 28

How does only the 25-30,000 genes encode for more?

Answer 28

Alternative splicing (mRNA), alternative starts/stops, modification via phosphorylation, glycosylation, acetylation, and methylation

Question 29

Transposons

Answer 29

genes that jump around | Most are evolutionary remnants

Question 30

Alu sequences

Answer 30

evolutionary transposons that are very large

Question 31

SINE

Answer 31

short interspersed nuclear elements

Question 32

LINE

Answer 32

long interspersed nuclear element

Question 33

What's special about the Y chromosome

Answer 33

The genes are highly conserved and maintained in multiple copies. There is gene conversion so a mutation in one of them may not have effects

Question 34

Differential gene expression

Answer 34

10,000 genes change function | Can be specific to a certain area

Question 35

Housekeeping gene

Answer 35

expressed in a cell because it provides basic functions needed for sustenance Example: cytokinesis and ribosomal proteins, histones, phosphofructose kinase

Question 36

M chromosome

Answer 36

has centromere in middle | known as metacentric

Question 37

Sub-M chromosome

Answer 37

Has centromere more towards one side | Sub-metacentric

Question 38

A chromosome

Answer 38

has centromere far towards one side | Acrocentric

Question 39

Chromo and soma mean..

Answer 39

color | body

Question 40

How did chromosomes get their name?

Answer 40

Stain darkly with aniline dyes

Question 41

P arm

Answer 41

short arm of chromosome

Question 42

Q arm

Answer 42

long arm of chromosome

Question 43

Holocentric chromosomes

Answer 43

have multiple copies of chromosomes along their entire length multiple spindle fibers with diffuse centromeres

Question 44

Monocentric chromosomes

Answer 44

only one centromere

Question 45

Contemporary definition of cytogenetics

Answer 45

techniques of cytology and molecular biology used to study heredity

Question 46

Karyotype

Answer 46

complete set of chromosomes

Question 47

Condensed metaphase chromosomes

Answer 47

used for research

Question 48

first human chromosome sequenced

Answer 48

number 22

Question 49

How was the first chromosome sequenced

Answer 49

BAC and YAC sequencing | Specifically used BAC since a YAC one could've recombined with the human sequence

Question 50

Shotgun random sequencing

Answer 50

Developed by Celeragenomics where they sequenced the whole genome Was used to complete 180 Mbp gene of D. melanogaster