Notes Final

Question 1

Note: redox potential is shifted to a more negative state (check axes)

Question 2

Cofactors (ex., vitamins) are non-protein molecules that assist in functioning of enzymes; they do not “mutate”.

Question 3

Compare protein and polypeptide

Answer 3

A polypeptide is a single linear chain of many amino acids (any length), held together by amide bonds. A protein consists of one or more polypeptides.

The distinction between a polypeptide and a protein is that a protein has folded into its correct conformation.

Question 4

Why doesn’t a bag of sugar (sucrose) readily break down into CO2 and H2O?

Answer 4

Too few molecules gain the energy required to get to the transition state.

Question 5

Define native conformation of proteins

Answer 5

• Its properly folded and/or assembled form, which is operative and functional.
• This is in contrast to the denatured state, where it is unfolded into its primary structure.

Question 6

Describe conditions that cause protein denaturation

Answer 6

• Heat disrupts bonds due to increased kinetic energy and causes unfolding
• pH disrupts hydrogen bonding and leads to unfolding

Question 7

Compare the photochemistry in pigments and eyespots

Answer 7

• Photochemistry in photosynthesis:
  
  • Oxidation of chlorophyll (photosystem event): Ch* → Ch+ and electron
• Photochemistry in phototransduction (eyespots, eyes)
  
  • Isomerization of retinal (photochemical event): trans → cis → trans → etc.

Question 8

Why does the ATP-Binding Cassette need to bind ATP?

Answer 8

ATP hydrolysis provides energy that lets molecules cross the membrane against their concentration gradients

Question 9

Note: solubility must apply molar ratio

Question 10

Protein binding NOT THE SAME as complementary base pairing

Question 11

Cofactors are found in ETS

Question 12

3’TAC5’ and 5’ATG3’ is the start codon

Question 13

When haffie asks for the sequence of a gene, he wants the DNA coding strand (just changes Ts to Us from RNA)

Question 14

Upstream = closer to 5’

Downstream - closer to 3’

Question 15

Gene duplication of homeotic genes is usually advantageous

Question 16

Describe miRNA heatmap

Answer 16

• Every band is a miRNA
• Red = expressed _more in the norma_l tissue than in the tumour, and blue is the opposite (less expression)

Question 17

Totipotent vs pluripotent cells

Answer 17

• Totipotent cells can form all the cell types in a body, plus the extraembryonic, or placental, cells.
• Pluripotent cells can give rise to all of the cell types that make up the body;

Question 18

A photoreceptor cell is a specialized type of neuroepithelial cell found in the retina that is capable of visual phototransduction.

PIgments work by being excited by light

Question 19

Denaturation results in a protein that has higher free energy than the native conformation.

Question 20

The location of the promoter determines which strand is the template strand (unless 2 genes are part of the same operon, obviously, then they are under the control of one promoter)

Question 21

microarray and RNAseq are comparing the trancriptomics (go from RNA to cDNA to compare RNA)

Question 22

Systems will move from high to low free energy when possible

Question 23

Hormone receptors cross the membrane (move with steroids as a complex)

Question 24

Lateral gene transfer requires the addition of a targetting sequence

Question 25

Alternatively spliced introns can impact whether the gene is translated or not

Question 26

Ox phos is mitochondria, chemiosmosis is chloro

Question 27

mRNA chains can exist in cytoplasm, just can't be \*right\* in the nucleus