Notes for midterm 2

Question 1

postzygotic barriers

Answer 1

reproductive isolating mechanisms

Question 2

prezygotic barriers

Answer 2

reproductive isolating barriers

Question 3

ecological/ habitat isolation

Answer 3

separation in habitats, temperature differences, availability of food sources,

Question 4

temporal isolation

Answer 4

separation in time of living, so they cant mate becuase they were from different eras.

Question 5

ethological/behavioral isolation

Answer 5

separation in behavior, like the anubis and the hamadryas baboons.

Question 6

mechanical isolation

Answer 6

differences in physical characteristics that prevent mating, i.e. chihuaha and a great dane cant mate.

Question 7

gematic isolation

Answer 7

sperm dies, dies during development. gamatic mortality.

Question 8

F1 inavailability

Answer 8

idk yet

Question 9

F1 sterility

Answer 9

in the case of the mule, it is sterile and cannot reproduce.

Question 10

hybrid breakdown

Answer 10

annubis monkey and hammadryas example of mixed behaviors that are beneficial.

Question 11

genetic differentiation

Answer 11

mutations will increase variation within an isolated area. genetic drift will alter allele frequencies, natural selection will change allele frequencies.

Question 12

phylogenetic or morphology

Answer 12

the evolution of a physical trait over time. trough observance of morphological changes of earlier fossils.

Question 13

anagenesis

Answer 13

straight line evolution, look at the evolution of a form a species to form B then to C. linear evolution of a species over time.

Question 14

cladogenesis

Answer 14

branching evolution, where clades form, the splitting of the branch in two for another species.

Question 15

clade or monophyletic group

Answer 15

where the split begins for a new species, ex: feline branch separates into lions, mynx, leapord. And the great ape clade and their ancestors.

Question 16

adaptive radiation

Answer 16

the evolution of morphology( ex: hands and the bones in the hand) due to the environment changes and introduction of new resources,

Question 17

gradualism

Answer 17

slow and steady accumulation of variation, predicts smooth transitions.

Question 18

punctuated equilibrium

Answer 18

mostly stasis, with short rapid changes.

Question 19

7 common misconceptions

Answer 19

1: bigger is not always better
2: newer is not always better. age has no influence on usefulness.
3: natural selection does not always work.
4: no orthogenesis, evolution is not headed in a certain direction.
5: natural selection does not always produce perfect structures. just good enough.
6: not all structures are adaptive, some are by products of other biological processes (the chin), and others may have once had a function but no longer do( appendix)
7: current structures do not always reflect initial adaptions. structures do not always reflect initial adaptions. structures given for certain functions now may nto have evolved for that specific function. like upright walking and the ability to use tools although walking developed mya before.

Question 20

chronometric dating

Answer 20

or absolute dating, on a time scale of archeology and geology.

Question 21

relative dating

Answer 21

the relative order in which certain things came before others.

Question 22

taphonomy

Answer 22

the study of what happens to plants and animals after they die. which bones are likely to fossilize, most likely to be left by predator, which bones are most likely to be washed away by water, how far does pollen travel from its source.

Question 23

paleoecology

Answer 23

reconstructing the prehistoric environment, waht animals,plants,water sources were available. what was the temp? season?

Question 24

palynology

Answer 24

a tool of paleoecology, looks at fossil pollen, particular plants typify particular enviroments (e.g. pine trees verses palm trees)

Question 25

geological time

Answer 25

changes occur over vast time scales.

Question 26

phylogeny

Answer 26

the use of shared traits to construct the tree of evolution, can be on a molecular level or morphological data.

Question 27

homologous traits

Answer 27

traits in two species that have similar structures because they were derived from a common ancestor may or may not have a similar function

Question 28

homoplasy

Answer 28

analogous traits, physical traits in different species that have simialr functions but different structures, these have evolved interdependently and thus were not present in the common ancestor. two kinds: parallel evolution convergent evolution

Question 29

parallel evolution

Answer 29

often difficult to distinguish from a homology because this occurs in closely related species that have recently diverged( and thus share many homologies) ex: increase in dentition size among closely related hominid species aprox. 3mya

Question 30

convergent evolution

Answer 30

independent evolution of similar adaptions in rather distinct evolutionary lines.

Question 31

primitive trait

Answer 31

traits that have not changed from their ancestral state.

Question 32

derived traits

Answer 32

traits that have changed from the ancestral state.

Question 33

cladistics

Answer 33

counts only shared derived traits, ignores shared primitive traits to form biological classification

Question 34

phenetics

Answer 34

focuses on overall physical similarities to group organisms. counts both primitive and derived traits that are shared, deosnt distinguish between homologous and convergent/parallel traits.

Question 35

k,p,sp,c,o,so,sf,f,g,s

Answer 35

``` kingdon;animalia phylum;chordata subphylum: verbrata class: mammalia order:primates suborder: anthropoidea superfamily: hominidae (hominoids) family: hominidea (hominids) genus:homo species:sapiens ```

Question 36

eutherian

Answer 36

have placentas and give birth to a mature fetus.

Question 37

protharian

Answer 37

primitive mammal. lay eggs eve though they are mammals.

Question 38

marsupials

Answer 38

give birth to an extremely immature fetus and safe keep it in a pouch.

Question 39

monotremes

Answer 39

lay eggs still, platypus and spiny ant eater only ones left.

Question 40

homeotherm

Answer 40

we maintain an internal body temperature, but at a cost. as it allows us to to live in virtually any environment.

Question 41

heterodonte

Answer 41

we have a variety of teeth that allow us to consume a variety of food, but we only have two sets.

Question 42

mammary gland

Answer 42

provide food and immunity for the the infant but it is costly on the mother, limits number of offspring.

Question 43

placenta

Answer 43

aids offspring by assuring proper nutrition in a safe environment but requires allot of energy.

Question 44

K-selected

Answer 44

behaviors shape how well offspring survive, so adaption to mother and bonds that help the infant learn. High amounts of parental behavior. , quality over quantity. chimps and their mothers, how if not cared for they become unable to reproduce, socialize and even take care of their young.

Question 45

r selected

Answer 45

less parental care to none, like fish or frogs, just want quantity.

Question 46

cerebrum

Answer 46

area of the fore-brain that consist of the outer most layer of brain cells, associates with memory, learning and intelligence.

Question 47

prehensile tail

Answer 47

its a tail...that has adapted to grasp unto tree, keep balance. apes do not have tail. nwm do,

Question 48

binocularstereoscopic vision.

Answer 48

allows two images at the same time to be passed to opposite sides of the brain and give depth perception

Question 49

color vision

Answer 49

useful for detecting objects in a moderate contrast environment like forest and jungles.

Question 50

learning in context of primates

Answer 50

primates rely on learned behaviors, spend much of time maturing and learning social behaviors that help for example IMO. behavioral flexibility is key to culture.

Question 51

behavioral flexibility

Answer 51

key to culture, like chimps learned to care from their mother's.

Question 52

solitary group

Answer 52

smallest social group, just a mother and her offspring.

Question 53

monogamy

Answer 53

exclusive sexual bond for a long period of time. in some relationships the father might do allot of parental work.

Question 54

polygamy

Answer 54

a sexual bond between a male and female but can have more than 1 mate at a time.

Question 55

polyandry

Answer 55

female with many mates at the same time, only with tamarins, marmosets.

Question 56

polygyny

Answer 56

gorillas and howler monkeys , one male with many mates.

Question 57

multi-male milti-female

Answer 57

group consists of more that on adult, of each sex and the offspring, and is the most common non human social primate group. mating is promiscuous, group composition is variable. paternal investment is variable as well, depending on strategies for assuring paternity.

Question 58

primates

Answer 58

have large brains, steroescopic binocular vision, closed boney ring around eye, nails and grasping hands.

Question 59

promisians

Answer 59

22 living species in mostly in madagascar, they really on smell, smaller brains in relative smaller body size, more nocturnal, many are clingers and leapers,

Question 60

tarsiers

Answer 60

found in indonesea, small solitary and nocturnal, odd features like dry nose, odd diet: insects, spiders and vertebrates(bats, snakes, brirds) convergent with owls.

Question 61

Loris

Answer 61

found in asia and mainland africa. small solitary nocturnal, omnivorous(eat mollusks, insects, lizards, eggs, small mammals and fruits) stalkers, slower than lemurs because of their prey.

Question 62

lemur

Answer 62

only found in madagascar, has no competition with anthropoids, both nocturnal and diurnal, highly variable body sizes, locomotion varies, elongated middle finger for insect fishing. ring tailed lemurs have high social groups, diurnal, highly terrestrial female and female descendants are in the same group, female dominated group, have scent glands, so males have stink fights, females and males mark their territory and the females inform the males of availability to mate.

Question 63

anthropoids

Answer 63

monkeys(old and new world) and hominoids( apes ad humans), body size and brain size & complexity are larger that promisians, rely more on visual abilities, more complex social structure than promisians, all except for 1 are diurnal, include terrestrial and arboreal, fully enclosed eye socket not like promisians.

Question 64

platyrrhines

Answer 64

new world anthropoids are found in C and S america, 4 extra permolars, nwm have prehensile tails, flatter noses with side facing nostrils, are all arboreal no terrestrial. 5 families taht belong to ceboidea.

Question 65

catarrhines

Answer 65

all quadrapeds, devided into two sub-families: cicocipethines and colobines, multimale multifemale or unimale, varies maybe because of availability of food. share same dental formula as humans, inhibit wide range of environment.

Question 66

colobines

Answer 66

folivorous (35-75), 4 chambered gut that allows digestion of leaves and deactivates toxins. long tail, diverse colorization, usually contain only one male but are diverse social structures,

Question 67

cercopithecines

Answer 67

mostly in subsaharan africa except for macaques, , includes several groups that are moslty terrestrial. some live in large social groups. terrestially and sociability make them good analogies for evolution of early hominids.

Question 68

hominoid

Answer 68

both human and non-human apes. suspensory climbers (rather that jumping and moving on top of the branches) flexible shoulders allows hominoids to raise their arms above their head, longer front limbs than back limbs and long fingers, modern humans are the exception to this rule, wrist joint has a miniscus. no tails and larger size, greater intelligence and learning ability, invest more in ther young k-selected, lower milar structure is different with 5 cusps istead f 4 called the y-5 pattern.

Question 69

gibbons

Answer 69

range is tropical and subtropical rainforest of southeastern asia, extremely long arms realtive to body and legs, long fingers, short thumbs, use hands like hooks to swing from branch to branch, no sexual dimorphism in body size, both sexes have large canines, but males slightley larger, monogamous and mate for life.

Question 70

gorillas

Answer 70

eastern and western gorillas, extreme sexual domorphism, the diet is 85% leaves. social group is unimale : one male, several adult females, and their off-spring.

Question 71

orangutans

Answer 71

found only in tropical rainforest in borneo and sumatra, fossil orangs are found more widely throughout asia.orangs are vegetarians 60% are fruits not enough food to support large groups. mother and infant only, males only interact during mating.

Question 72

bonobos

Answer 72

sex is often recreational, used to reinforce bonds and resolve conflict. peacful egalitarian societies, mother-son bonds, females form bonds for mutual support and protection killings almost unheard of.

Question 73

common chimps

Answer 73

sex for reproduction only and intense competition during 10 estrous period, reproductive tactics of males can conclude infanticide, dominance: aggressive, male dominated societies, male alliances intergroup killing.

Question 74

socioecology

Answer 74

the study of social structure and organization in relationship to environmental factors.

Question 75

sociobiology

Answer 75

the study of genetic and morphological structure in relationship to environmental factors. the study of behavior from an evolutionary perspective, particularly natural selection.

Question 76

danger

Answer 76

a reason to stay n a social group, groupsfo primates have been known to chase of lions, cheetas, wild dogs, when there is high prediation risk primates tend to stick together. constnt vigilance is needed so larger group is essential, greater canines in terrestrial primates could show they are at greater risk of prediation.

Question 77

dilution effect

Answer 77

stay in larger group because chances are there is someone weaker than you, and you can get away.

Question 78

food

Answer 78

larger groups means more access to food, due to proper defense with large group, more success at finsing resources since more are looking, avoids using depleted resources.

Question 79

wrangham's resource defense model

Answer 79

!: joint defense of food resources 2: food items are relatively valuable 3. food sources are clumped in space and time. 4. there is enough food within the defended reources to feed all, fruit satisfies this, in seasonality time= quality food. defensibility of food resources is correlated with group size, home range size is important although some resources are relatively far more ground might need to be covered.

Question 80

wringhams hypothesis:

Answer 80

larger social groups have less of a feeding competition, ex gorillas have a small feeding comp. while orangs have alot due to smaller groups and males lone wolf travel.

Question 81

SEX and group size.

Answer 81

females: predicted to be choosy on who about who sirens their offspring, cant have very many of them so must make each one count. males; predicted to try to mate with as many females as possible, all they need to invest is sperm, so number of offspring depends on how many females they impregnate.

Question 82

differential of reproductive investment

Answer 82

females tend to distribute themselves according to distribution and availability of resources across space and time. if it is evenly distributed then the resources are not defendable, but if it is patchy in distribution it is defendable and becomes territory. males distribute themselves according to females.

Question 83

intrasexual selection

Answer 83

results from competition between the same sex. males compete against other males in polygynous groups for access to females, , in monogamous only one mate so little selection is done for larger males. females dont need to be large as access to males is already there. in multimale or multifemale the females mate with as many males as possible this sexual selection favors more sperm production.

Question 84

intersexual selection

Answer 84

preferences of one sex for particular traits in another. this favors males who have better genes, also there is a possibility of building a friendship that would convince the female. females dilema, the handicap principle, where a male will advertise their high level of fitness through handicapping behaviors or morphology, nonadaptive traits: proboscis nose shape and mandrill coloring of genetalia

Question 85

infanticide

Answer 85

time is short for alpha males, so infanticide is important form of male reproductive strategy, especially in unimale groups. so upon group takeover, kill the youngest, causing females to ovulate faster since now the dont care for a young one. simply becuase they copulate more and do it at the right time,

Question 86

dominance hierarchies

Answer 86

female dominance:higher ranked females have more reproductive success, ditto for high ranked males,

Question 87

coles paradox

Answer 87

optimal fitness is a lifetime of reproduction, allocation of time and energy, the scheduling and implementation of important life events.

Question 88

4 trade off of principles of life's history

Answer 88

current reproduction and survival, individuals that spend more time mating die sooner. current and future reproduction, langur infanticide young females allow it, because it is more important to survive and not suffer injury, cost bebefit. number size and sex of offspring, more offspring means less investment per offspring, one sex may have a greater chances in the future reproduction than the other.ranks of social groups show change in sex ratios, hihger ranked have more males and vice versa for low ranking. growth and reproduction