Notes in thyroid and adrenal hormones

Question 1

Thyroid hormone helps us get energy,digestion,metabolism, gives us protein synthesis, important for growth

Question 2

Thyroid hormone is an essential hormone that we need

Question 3

Thyroid hormone consists of _______ (Thyroxine)

Answer 3

T4

Question 4

There’s a reaction here where it undergoes a deiodination where one iodine is taken away to form _______(Triiodothyronine)…this is the most active form of the thyroid hormone

Answer 4

T3

Question 5

T4 has some activity but it doesn’t bind the receptors quite as effectively

Question 6

Thyroxine (______) is the main drug that is given and we do that for kinetic and bioavailability

Answer 6

T4

Question 7

T3 is the one that has the most effect and its converted into T3 by this process

Question 8

Synthesis of Thyroid Hormones
Major thing we can do here is look at the iodine transporter..thyroid hormone is the only place in the body we need iodine for…iodine is one of our trace minerals we do need it for thyroid…this is useful if you have thyroid cancer we can give radioactive iodine and because the way the body is physiologically set up it will take the radioactive iodine and deliver entire dose to the thyroid without much damage anywhere else because that’s the only place we need iodine and that’s the only place it goes

Question 9

________ is one of our trace minerals we do need it for thyroid…this is useful if you have thyroid cancer we can give radioactive iodine and because the way the body is physiologically set up it will take the radioactive iodine and deliver entire dose to the thyroid without much damage anywhere else because that’s the only place we need iodine and that’s the only place it goes

Answer 9

iodine

Question 10

Iodine transporter will bring iodine and into the thyroid…this iodination of thyroglobulin and you will have monoiodine…diiodine…and those dimers are put together to form ____ and _____

Answer 10

T3 and T4

Question 11

MIT is monoiodotyrosine and DIT is diiodothyronine and those will form together to two molecules of Di

Question 12

Mono and Di together will make 3 and these are secreted and these are similar and the major difference is this lacking here of iodine on the beta ring and its just a little bit more active and more able to bind to that receptor…probably about 5 to ten fold

Question 13

What is tyrosine? One of our ________

Answer 13

amino acids

Question 14

T4 is converted to T3 which is better for storage and this T3 doesn’t act as long and its kind of like most of our hormones…its short acting…so T4 is the longer state and not really as active but when we need it we convert and we have our T3

Question 15

_________ is going to be the most active form so that’s more potent in binding to thyroid receptor and causing effects

Answer 15

T3

Question 16

_______ is less potent and it can still bind to the receptor but it doesn’t do so as well but it also has better kinetic properties where it sticks around in the body longer

Answer 16

T4

Question 17

Regulation of thyroid hormones: ________,cold temperature, and stress are all signals to release thyroid hormone

Answer 17

sleep,

Question 18

Thyroid hormone is stimulated in response to sleep,stress,and cold temperature…so there is a signal to the hypothalamus which signals release of TRH which then goes to the pituitary which release thyroid stimulating hormone and then it goes to the thyroid and it tells the thyroid to release T3 and T4 and that goes off to its target tissues and then again has negative feedback to start saying stop releasing we have enough…if T3 is low..thyroid stimulating hormone and thyroid releasing hormone are high what kind of hypothyroidism do we call this? __________

Answer 18

Primary

Question 19

What if TRH is high,TSH is low, and T3 is low? ______________________

Answer 19

secondary hypothyroidism

Question 20

If TRH,TSH, and T3 are all low this is called ___________________

Answer 20

tertiary hypothyroidism

Question 21

Thyroid hormone doesn’t carry well through the blood it needs help! Why? Because its __________and then its able to get into the cell and bind to nuclear receptors..alot of its function is protein synthesis and how does it do that and it has to get into the nucleus and do some gene transcription…gene expression

Answer 21

lipophilic

Question 22

Thyroid hormone binding globulin or thyroxine-binding prealbumin helps thyroid hormone go through the blood and when it get to its target it releases these binders and will end up being able to get into the cell

Question 23

Albumin is basically a sponge that binds to all sorts of things in the body and help things move throughout the blood but it doesn’t have any effect when things bind to it and the main thing I want you to know is thyroid hormone requires a ____________

Answer 23

binder

Question 24

We need thyroid hormone when we are young but we also need throughout life as well

Question 25

Only know thyroid hormone needs a binder because its lipophilic and it gets into the cell and its main effect are T3 coming through the cytoplasm into the gene and binding to something called thyroid receptor and thyroid response element and once T3 binds it starts to stimulate the gene and you get gene expression and its major function is protein expression and expressing things that we need for development, maturity, mental development so it needs to be able to get into the cell

Question 26

(((Don’t have to memorize thyroid hormone action slide for exam professor stated)))

Question 27

If we have hyperthyroidism leads to _________, tachycardia, diarrhea

Answer 27

weight loss,

Question 28

If we have hypothyroidism this is lead to __________, bradycardia, constipation

Answer 28

weight gain

Question 29

Hypothyroidism is decreased metabolic rate which leads to weight gain

Question 30

The thyroid hormone helps maintain body temp, we are using metabolism to get energy as we need it to maintain body temp so if we have difficulty doing this we are going to have a hard time raising our body temp in response to cold weather…you have a cold intolerance with low levels of thyroid hormone because you need thyroid hormone to help you respond to the cold…helps increase you energy and increase your thermal status..elevated serum cholesterol due to the breakdowns your not doing

Question 31

____________=difficulty breathing

Answer 31

Hypoventilation

Question 32

Most severe form of hypothyroidism is called

Answer 32

myxedema coma

Question 33

Acquired hypothyroidism…most common cause is autoimmune ex:______________

Answer 33

Hashimoto thyroiditis

Question 34

Hypothyroidism is pretty common in the population

Question 35

Myxedema coma…Hypothermia: really cold, can’t deal with cold weather and body temp is dropping really low, cardiovascular collapse:decreased cardiac output…bradycardia…can’t get heart rate up…hypoventilation:difficult to breathe