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Third Exam for Patho > Notes on Alterations in Nutritional Status > Flashcards

Notes on Alterations in Nutritional Status Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolites are what is being broken down.

A
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2
Q

__________=when we need more sugars

A

Glycogenolysis

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3
Q

__________=building more glucose

A

Gluconeogenesis

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4
Q

What happens when your liver fails and you are unable to store glucose? __________ because you don’t have storage capability.

A

Hypoglycemia

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5
Q

We need heat to keep our bodies at its normal temperature

A
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6
Q

There are days where your body will start to overheat and will start produce processes to cool you down

A
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7
Q

What process does our bodies regularly use to cool down?

A

Sweating

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8
Q

If your cold it will start to break down and produce more heat in order to warm you up

A
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9
Q

Variables affecting amount of energy used

The _________ you are the more energy you tend to use so the more active your metabolism is…body size also plays a role, rate of growth

Basal Metabolism decreases greatly when you hit about your teenage years and then it starts to decrease even more so and really tail off

Decrease in general metabolism when your like 20 to 40 stays the same and then it starts to decrease again…it doesn’t drop off perceptibly as one might think and then as you age in your 40s you decrease that occurs again

A

younger

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10
Q

Why does our body need energy when we are at rest? Bodily functions like __________,__________

A

heart rate, breathing

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11
Q

1 meter=39.37 inches

A
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12
Q

1 kilogram=_______ pounds

A

2.2 pounds

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13
Q

Anything under 18.5 is considered underweight and at risk for malnourishment

A
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14
Q

__________ is the major place we store energy

A

Adipocytes

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15
Q

_______________ are major components of fat

A

Triglycerides

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16
Q

Things are generally stored in the white fat

A
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17
Q

Adipose tissue is understood to be an organ and its controlled by hormones and it releases adipokines…things like ________which is the hunger hormone

A

leptin

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18
Q

________ is what is sent to your brain to say your hungry or your not

A

Leptin

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19
Q

Weight loss is challenging to obtain because your body tries to signal and work against you

A
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20
Q

In mice if you turn off leptin mice never stop eating and they get big and then if you turn leptin back on then mice is normal again…but you can’t do this in humans to deal with obesity

A
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21
Q

Low levels of leptin tend to increase appetite and decrease energy

A
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22
Q

If you increase leptin then you decrease appetite and increase energy and movement

A
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23
Q

Leptin is thought to be helpful in weight loss

A
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24
Q

Food calorie is a kilocalorie

A
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25
Q

________ in a scientific measurement is the energy required to raise 1g of H20 1 degrees Celsius

A

Calorie

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26
Q

Triglyceride is made up of something called glycerol so ________ has these fatty acids side chains that bind on to it

so a triglyceride can vary in structure and these R groups are going to vary

A

glycerol

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27
Q

Number of different types of triglycerides but they all fit this general structure and have some similar effects and basic unit of fat oil

A
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28
Q

Saturated Fat contains NO double bonds

A
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29
Q

The more unsaturated the healthier

A
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30
Q

Saturated fat is less healthy than polyunsaturated fat

A
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31
Q

Saturated Fat only contains _________ bonds

A

single bonds

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32
Q

Cis means that CH’s are on the _______ side of the bond

A

same

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33
Q

Trans means ___________…so CH’s are on opposite sides of the bond

A

opposite

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34
Q

All naturally occurring bonds in fat are ____

A

cis

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35
Q

The body isn’t as equipped to deal with trans fat and its not natural and its ability to do so has been correlated with significant side effects…significant problems as far as obesity goes and increases in blood pressure…increases in heart attack…increases in stroke

A
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36
Q

You can control cholesterol based on ______

A

diet

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37
Q

High cholesterol can be due to genetics as well

A
38
Q

We get cholesterol only from _______ sources!

A

animal

39
Q

There is NO cholesterol in plants

A
40
Q

High red meat, ________, and dairy have cholesterol

A

butter

41
Q

If someone has high cholesterol they are told to stay from red meat!

A
42
Q

If you want to lose a pound your suppose to decrease your intake or increase your expenditure of calories by 3500

A
43
Q

In order to store the same amount of weight as sugar we are only storing 4 calories per pound instead and we weigh over twice as much…we take over twice as much storage in sugar as it done in fat and this is useful and it’s the reason why we want to store things as adipose because it can store so much more efficiently than carbohydrate does…its not to say we don’t store some carbohydrate as well but general long term storage is in fat and the carbohydrate we store is usually for more quick release and you get that energy quickly as you need it

A
44
Q

Carbohydrates are composed of _______, ________, and _______

A

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

45
Q

Monosaccharide meaning one sugar

A
46
Q

___________ are multiple chains of sugars at once

A

Polysaccharide

47
Q

Starch is a _________

A

polysaccharide

48
Q

Fructose is sweeter than glucose

A
49
Q

________ is part of lactose and its our milk

A

Galactose

49
Q

sugar and it’s a disaccharide

A
50
Q

We have things like lactose intolerance and difficulty digesting lactose and part of that is due to the galactose component

A
51
Q

Common disaccharides are __________ like table sugar

A

sucrose

52
Q

What is the most common side effect from most drugs?

A

GI disturbances

53
Q

What percentage of the population is lactose intolerant?

A

10%

54
Q

Whats the major kind of thing that we put in our drugs as an active ingredient?

A

Lactose

55
Q

Side effects can be due to how the drug was made and have nothing to do with drug specifically and lactose can be one of those examples

A
56
Q

Two major types of glucose: ______ and ______ form

A

alpha and beta form

57
Q

Carbohydrates are digested selectively
Ex:Cellobiose is broken down by cellobiase, lactose is broken down by lactase

A
58
Q

Some startches we can’t break down at all because we don’t have the right enzymatic components to do so

A
59
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20

60
Q

Amino acids differ in side chain and the difference between glycine and alanine is pretty minor

The difference between glycine and tryptophan is not minor

A
61
Q

Side chains have different properties and it makes them acidic and it makes them basic…make them long and make them short and make them form disulfide bonds and make them not
Different amino acid structures can lead to important changes and simple mutations can lead to very different functions within these proteins

A
62
Q

Within our nutritional system we have something called essential amino acids. Essential means we must get them from our diet because our body cannot make them

Our body cannot make every amino acid so we need to be able to get these in through our diet so its important that we have a source of protein if we don’t we are going to be amino deficient

A
63
Q

Carbohydrates, fats, proteins are considered __________. They are considered large and abundant

A

macronutrients

64
Q

___________ includes vitamins and minerals and we need these in small amounts

A

micronutrients

65
Q

Calcium is a mineral and we need it for bones and teeth

A
66
Q

What are some other minerals that our bodies need? _________, phosphorus,_______,chlorine,sodium,_____________

A

calcium, potassium, magnesium

67
Q

Remaining ones are our_________ which we do need such as iron, fluorine, iodine

A

trace elements

68
Q

Know what a picture of a goiter looks like for exam

A
69
Q

What is goiter a problem with? _______ and _______

A

Iodine and thyroid

70
Q

Severe deficiency in Vitamin C leads to _______

A

scurvy

71
Q

Vitamin K deficiency leads to ________ problems

A

clotting problems

72
Q

Low levels of Vitamin D is involved with calcium…

A
73
Q

vitamin D is found in cancer prevention

A
74
Q

Low levels of Vitamin B, especially vitamin B12 can lead to _________

A

anemias

75
Q

People who are pregnant need more calories than those who are not

A
76
Q

People who have normal BMIs,people considered overweight or obese the dietary intake increases the more somebody weighs the more calories they have to maintain

A
77
Q

The amount of calorie intake necessary to maintain normal level increases with weight also increases with activity…the more active you are if you’re an Olympic athlete your going to be using and expending more energy and therefore the amount of dietary intake you need is also going to be higher so it varies based upon activity level as well. Males require more calories a day than females

A
78
Q

The amount of calories one needs increases with weight…it doesn’t stay the same…if you weigh more you need more calories

A
79
Q

What are the essential vitamins
-A
-B (B1,B2,B3,B5,B6,B7,B9 and B12.
-C
-D
-E
-K

A
80
Q

Causes of obesity
-Some hereditary component
Many environmental factors
-Family eating patterns
-Labor saving devices
-Tablet computers
-Automobiles(We use to walk and now we drive)
-Access to food (easier to get food now)
-Increasing portion sizes
-Starbukifacation(High calorie drinks)

A
81
Q

Upper body obesity is ______ shaped

A

apple shaped

82
Q

Lower body obesity is a ______ shaped

A

pear

83
Q

The pear shaped weight is more carried in the lower body more like the hip and glute area

A
84
Q
A
85
Q

Upper body is associated with ___________ risk

A

cardiometabolic

86
Q

Depending on where your carrying the weight if its higher it tends to have an increase risk of cardiac issues

A
87
Q

Obesity contributes to as many cancers these days as smoking

A
88
Q

____________=binge eating with purging that occurs afterwards

A

Bulimia nervosa

89
Q

Only when we are artificially making fat do these bonds occur in the _______ position

A

trans

Third Exam for Patho (16 decks)

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