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Anatomy > Nov 22nd > Flashcards

Nov 22nd Flashcards

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1
Q

Retroperitoneal

A

posterior to stomach. Head (by duedenum) , body, taill (near spleen)

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2
Q

WHat do endocrine islets secrete?

A

insulin and glucagon

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3
Q

What is pancreatic juice

A

enzymes, zymogens, sodium, bicarbonate, water, electrolyates. It neutralizes!

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4
Q

What are the branching ducts of the pancreas

A

pancreatic duct and accessory pancreatic duct (opens to minor duodenal papilla)

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5
Q

What are acinary cells

A

cells within the pancrease. THey have all the dots that are endoplasmic reticulums

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6
Q

Barretts esophagus

A

metaplasia of stratified squamous turn into simple columnar epithelium cells. The people with Gastro-esophageal reflex disease (GERD) usually develop this

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7
Q

HIatal hernia

A

Protrusion of part of the stomach into the thoracic cavity.

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8
Q

Diverticulitis

A

presence of inflamed herniations of the colon. TIny seeds cause it.

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9
Q

Cirrhosis of the liver

A

caused by alcohol abuse. nodes that form can press on the blood supply making the liver hypoxic and sending u into liveer failure DEATH

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10
Q

function of urinary system

A

filtering out blood. Get rid of toxic metabolic wastes (nitrogenous wastes). Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balances, get rid of hormones and drugs

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11
Q

what are the two main hormones in the urinary system

A

erythropoietin (production of red blood cells) and calcitriol synthesis (helps absorb calcium)

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12
Q

nephro and ren

A

both mean kidney

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13
Q

What is the first tissue surrounding the kidney?

A

fibrous capsule: dense irregular CT that covers outer surface of kidney

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14
Q

Second layer away from kidney

A

parinephric fat: adipose providing cushioning

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15
Q

third layer out from kidney

A

renal fascia: dense irregular CT anchoring idney to abdominal wall posterior

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16
Q

last layer furthest from kidney

A

paranephric fat: adipose located between renal fascia and peritoneum

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17
Q

hilum

A

slit in the concave medial border were vessels, nerves, and ureter connect

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18
Q

renal cortex

A

outer zone.

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19
Q

Renal medulla

A

inner zone

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20
Q

what do the minor calyces fuse to form

A

major calyx

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21
Q

where do the renal papilla dumb urin into?

A

minor calyx

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22
Q

what do the major calyces fuse to form

A

renal pelvis

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23
Q

what are the calyces and pelvis lined with?

A

transitional epithelium

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24
Q

How many renal lobes does each kindey have

A

8 to 15

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25
what percent of ur blood goest to the kidneys
21%
26
blood enters kidneys by
renal arteries that branch into segmental arteries, interlobar arteries,
27
what arteries are in the corticomedullary juntion
arcuate arteries
28
Chain of nervous tissue around the kidney
Celiacganglia
29
Nephron
The smallest thing that can filter ur blood. 1.2 million
30
Two types of nephrons
cortical (bulk resides in kidney cortex, account for about 85% of all nephrons) Juxtamedullary (renal corpuscles lie near the corticomedullary juntion. extend deep into the medula. 15%)
31
Renal corpuscle
Part of a nephran. filters blood plasma. Glomerulus and glomerular capsules and in there.
32
Renal tubule
in the nephron. converts filtrate into urine. parts: proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule, connecting duct
33
Basic steps of the nephron.
Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion, water conservation
34
What is the glomerulus
thick tangle of capillaries
35
WHat is glomerular capsule
epithelial capsule surrounding the flomerulus. Two layers seperated by capsular space. Visceral layer is made of podocytes (means feet). Parietal layer made of simple squamous epithelium
36
What's the proximal convoluted tubule
tube at the end of the renal corpuscle that I think wastes goes through
37
What comprises the filtration membrane
Endothelium of glomerulus (capilaries) (fenestrated), basement membrane of glomerulus (porous), Visceral layer of glomerular capsules (made of podocytes)
38
Type of cells in the nephron proximal convoluted tubule
simple cuboidal epithelioum with tall microvilli to increase surface area
39
In the nephron loop we have...
Descending limb (simple ccuboidal then simple squamous(thin)) it's for reabsorbing water. Ascending limb (simple squamous then simple suboidal epithelia) it returns from medulla into cortex. actibe transport of salts into the medulla.
40
secrete blank from the peritubular capillaries into tubular fluid
K+ and H+
41
Aldosterone
causes increased sodium reabsorption
42
ADH
causes increased water reabsorption
43
What does the Juxtaglomerular apparatus do
Helps regulate blood pressure
44
Juxtaglomerular cells
Modified smooth muscle cells of afferent arteriole located at vascular pole of renal corpuscle * Can release renin which causes increase in blood pressure
45
Macula densa:
Group of modified epithelial cells in Distal ConvolutedTubulal that contact juxtaglomerular cells * Monitor ion concentration in tubular fluid and can stimulate juxtaglomerular cells
46
Mesangial cells
Sit between juxtaglomerular cells and arterioles * Can contract and phagocytize filtered particles
47
Collecting Ducts
Run through medulla toward renal papilla – Lined by simple cuboidal then simple columnar epithelia * Reabsorption of H2O * Modify tubular fluid under the influence of aldosterone and ADH – Higher levels of these hormones leads to retention of Na+ and H20
48
Once the tubular fluid leaves collecting duct it is urine and the collecting duct4 empties into papillary duct that opens into
minor calyx
49
What are the three layers of the ureters
Deepest is mucosa with transitional epithelium. Middle is Muscularis containing inner longitudinal layer and outer circular layer of smooth muscle outer is Adventitia of areolar connective tissue
50
Detrusor muscle
muscular layer of bladder wal
51
Rugae
wrinkles of mucosa in the bladder
52
Four tunics of the urinary bladder
Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, adventitia
53
Mucosa
Transitional epithelium that lines the internal surface of the bladder; rugae (mucosal folds) allow for further distension
54
submucosa
Dense irregular connective tissue that supports urinary bladder wall
55
Muscularis
hree layers of smooth muscle collectively called the detrusor muscle * A thickened internal urethral sphincter is present at urethral opening
56
Adventitia
Outer layer of areolar connective tissue
57
Micturition communication with the brain
Pons and cerebrum,
58
What allows babies to pee
stretching of the spinal cord
59
What lets u pee
cerebrum inhibits sacral neurons that keep external sphincter closed.
60
What stops u from peeing
Signals from cerebrum excite spinal interneurons that keep exxternal urethral sphincter contracted
61
Nephroptosis
a kidney detaches and drifts. From too little body fat or prolonged vibration. pain from kinked ureter and obstruct urine flow
62
Renal agenesis
Congenital and chromosomal abnormalities. Unilateral (absence of one kidney) Bilateral (fatal. classic potter syndrome)
63
Supernumerary Kidney
super rare, third kidney, susceptible to infection
64
Horseshoe kidney
Kidneys fuse together during fetal devel. Susceptible to ttrauma and stone formation.
65
Ectopic Kidney
(like ectopic pregnancy). Kidney in the wrong place
66
Duplex Kidney
two ureters
67
Renal calculus (kidney stone)
Causes: hypercalcemia, dehydration, pH imbalances, UTI, enlarged prostate gland. Treatment: drugs for stone dissolve. lithotripsy which is ultrasonic waves
68
Primary sex organs (gonads)
overy and testies, produce the gametes
69
Secondary sex organs
organs that aren't the gonads
70
At what week does the fetus become sexually differentiated?
gonads develop at 5 or 6
71
SRY gene
(sex- determining region of Y chromosome) – Encodes for testis- determining factor (TDF) – Initiate the development of male anatomy
72
Estrogen levels
are always high in pregnancy * Absence of androgen (like testosterone) causes female development
73
Development of internal genetalia
Mesonephric duct in males and paramesonephric duct in females
74
Gubernaculum
connective tissue cord that creates inguinal canal
75
Cryptorchidism
Undescended testes
76
Puberty
Thelarche (testes, breast), Pubarche (hair and sebaceous glands), Menarche (menstruation)
77
spermatogenesis
sperm production
78
where is the site of spermatogenesis
seminiferous tubules
79
sustentecular cellss
in the seminiferous tubules. Protect and promote the germ cells and: -Secrete inhibin (stop testosterone), müllerian- inhibiting factor, and androgen binding protein (necessary for spermatogenesis) * Blood–testis barrier (BTB)— formed by tight junctions between sustentacular cells
80
Interstitial (leydig) cells
produce and secrete testosterone
81
Head of the spermatozoon
it's a small head..Nucleus, acrosome(what penetrates the egg),
82
Tail of spermatozoon
mitochondria
83
Progression of spermatic ducts in the testis
Tubules rectus, Rete testis, Efferent ductules, Epididymis, Ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, erethra
84
BUlbourethral glands
– Pair of glands near base of penis – Secretes clear fluid that neutralizes urethra, lubricates head
85
Seminal vesicles
– Pair of glands, posterior to bladder – Forms 60% of semen...(carbohydrates) – Empty into ejaculatory duct
86
Prostate gland
– Surrounds urethra and ejaculatory ducts – Thin milky secretion forms 30% of semen – Empties into urethra
87
Erectile tissue
– Contain many blood sinuses called lacunae. Corpora cavernosa and corpus sponglosum
88
Corpus spongiosum
* One, ventral side * Encloses the spongy urethra * Forms the glans at the distal end and the bulb in the root
89
Corpora cavernosa
* Two, dorsal side * Wrapped in fibrous tunica albuginea and separated by a medial septum * Forms the crura in the root
90
What aa. supplies the internal penile aa?
internal iliac aa.
91
Folliculogenesis
developing primordial follicles (egg w one layer of follicular cells)
92
Primary follicle
larger egg, one layer of cuboidal follicular cells
93
secondary follicle
larger egg, two or more layers of granulosa cells
94
tertiary follicle
contains fluid-filled pockets or a single fluid- filled antrum among granulosa cells
95
mature (graafian) follicle
large blister bulging from ovary
96
Where is the cite of fertilization
the ampulla of the fallopian tube
97

Anatomy (16 decks)

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