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Biology > November Mock - Paper 2 > Flashcards

November Mock - Paper 2 Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

homeostasis

A

an organism’s ability to regulate internal conditions even when external conditions change

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2
Q

why is homeostasis important

A

allows for crucial reactions (involving enzymes) to happen at optimum rates

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3
Q

cerebral cortex

A

conscious activity: problem solving, memory, speech

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4
Q

medulla

A

unconscious activity: heart and breathing rate, signals to the adrenal glands for adrenaline release

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5
Q

cerebellum

A

movement, balance, coordination

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6
Q

accommodation

A

ability to change shape of the lens in order to focus light on the retina from different distances

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7
Q

how to focus on far away objects

A
  • ciliary muscles relax
  • suspensory ligaments tighten
  • lens becomes thinner
  • less light is refracted
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8
Q

how to focus on nearby objects

A
  • ciliary muscles tighten
  • suspensory ligaments relax
  • lens become thicker
  • light is refracted more
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9
Q

effect of light intensity on pupils

A
  • change size
  • more light - pupils contract
  • less light - pupils dilate
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10
Q

cornea

A

where light enters the eye

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11
Q

retina

A

where light is focussed

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12
Q

retinal cells

A
  • rods and cones
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13
Q

rods

A

detect motion and light intensity

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14
Q

cones

A

detect red, green and blue wavelengths of light

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15
Q

what do the rods and cones do

A

send signals to the brain via the optic nerve

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16
Q

myopia

A
  • short sightedness
  • elongated eyeballs
  • corrected with concave lens
  • pushes the focal point back
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17
Q

hyperopia

A
  • long sightedness
  • corrected with convex lens
  • brings the focal point forward
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18
Q

thermoregulation

A

brain detects blood temperature and sends out nervous and hormonal signals to effectors to maintain constant temperature

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19
Q

responses for high temperatures

A
  • sweating
  • vasodilation
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20
Q

responses for low temperatures

A
  • shivering
  • hairs standing up
  • vasoconstriction
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21
Q

vasodilation

A

blood vessels dilate

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22
Q

vasoconstriction

A

blood vessels contract

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23
Q

sweating

A

sweat glands in skin produce water which evapourate taking away heat

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24
Q

hairs standing on end

A

trap air and act as a layer of insulation

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25
what is the endocrine system
system of glands that secrete hormones to send signals to effectors, transported via the blood - **slower than the nervous system**
26
pituitary gland
**master gland:** sends signals to other glands - in centre of brain
27
pancreas' role in the endocrine system
produces insulin to controls blood glucose level
28
role of the thyroid
controls growth and metabolism
29
adrenal gland
releases adrenaline
30
ovaries
release eggs and oestrogen
31
testes
produce sperm
32
what happens when the blood glucose levels are too high
1. pancreas secretes insulin 2. causes glucose to move from the bloodstream to respiration cells 3. excess glucose converted into glycogen energy stores
33
what happens when the blood glucose levels are too low
1. pancreas secretes glucagon 2. causes liver and muscles to convert glycogen back into glucose
34
type 1 diabetes
when the pancreas cannot produce insulin
35
type 2 diabetes
when cells can no longer absorb glucose properly
36
routes of water loss
* exhalation * urination * sweating
37
how is water lost through urination
* water is removed from the blood by the kidneys to the bladder * water is mixed with urea from excess amino acids from the breakdown of protein to amino acids
38
overhydration
can cause cells to burst
39
dehydration
can cause cells to become flaccid
40
function of the kidneys
antidiuretic hormone from pituitary gland causes tubules in kidneys to reabsorb more water into the bloodstream
41
what happens when water levels are too high
less ADH is produced so more water is sent to the bladder to leave the body as urine
42
how to overcome kidney failure
dialysis - blood filtered with a dialysis machine to stop the build up of poisonous ammonia/urea
43
disadvantages of dialysis
* most of life spent in hospital * very expensive machinery is required
44
what causes eggs to mature
* FSH from the pituitary gland * oestrogen and Lh from the ovaries
45
what does oestrogen do
inhibits FSH
46
what does LH do
causes the egg to be released and allows it to be fertilised by sperm
47
methods of contraception
* birth control pills * progesterone injection/implant * condoms/diaphragm * IUD * abstinence * clamping of oviduct/vasectomy
48
fertility treatments
* FSH/LH injections * IVF treatment
49
what does adrenaline do
increases blood flow and breathing rate
50
what does thyroxine do
controls metabolic rate
51
what happens when thyroxine levels are too low
* hypothalamus releases TRH * pituitary gland releases TSH * thyroid releases more thyroxine
52
plant hormones
* gibberellins * ethene * auxins
53
gibberellins
* induces germination * promotes flowering * increases fruit size
54
ethene
causes ripening (released by bananas)
55
auxins
destroyed by sunlight
56
auxins in stems
phototropism
57
auxins in roots
geotropism
58
phototropism
* shaded side of plant contains more auxin and grows longer * causes the stem to grow towards the light
59
geotropism
auxins gather at the bottom of roots where it inhibits growth and causes roots to grow downwards
60
practical uses of auxins
* weed killers * rooting powders * promoting growth in tissue cultures

Biology (14 decks)

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