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Biology > B10 - The Nervous System > Flashcards

B10 - The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

homeostasis

A

the control of conditions within the body - involves nervous pathways and hormonal/chemical pathways

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2
Q

conditions that need to be maintained by homeostasis

A
  • body temperature - so enzymes don’t become denatured
  • water levels - so cells don’t rupture
  • glucose concentration - so cells don’t collapse due to the release of too much sugar
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3
Q

effectors

A

muscles or glands that bring about a response

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4
Q

receptors

A

cells that detect changes in the environment

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5
Q

stimuli

A

changes in the environment

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6
Q

coordination centres

A

areas that receive and process information and coordinate a response

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7
Q

pathway of control for body temperature

A
  1. rise and fall of body temp
  2. receptor - skin
  3. coordination centre - brain (hypothalamus)
  4. effectors - sweat glands, hairs on skin

nervous pathway

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8
Q

pathway of control for water imbalance

A
  1. rise or fall of water levels in blood
  2. receptor - brain
  3. coordination centre - pituitary gland
  4. effector - sweat, dehydration

chemical hormone pathway

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9
Q

pathway of control for blood glucose concentration

A
  1. rise or fall in blood glucose concentration
  2. receptor - pancreas
  3. coordination centre - pancreas
  4. effector - insulin and other hormones

chemical hormone pathway

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10
Q

difference between nervous pathways and chemical hormone pathways

A
  • nervous pathways send extremely fast electrical nerve impulses through neurons
  • chemical hormone pathways send hormones not as fast through the bloodstream
  • effects of nerve impulses are short lasting
  • effects of hormones can last much longer - sometimes permanent
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11
Q

what makes up the CNS

A

brain and spinal cord
connected to the rest of the body with the peripheral nervous system

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12
Q

CNS vs PNS (penis lol🤭)

A
  • PNS - detects and carries out a response
  • CNS - coordinates the response
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13
Q

structure of a sensory/motor neurone

A
  • nucleus
  • myelin sheath
  • axon
  • cell body
  • dendrite
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14
Q

structure of a relay neurone

A
  • cell body
  • nucleus
  • dendrite
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15
Q

myelin sheath

A

insulates the axon and speeds up the conduction of impulses

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16
Q

reflex arc

A
  • contains three neurons (Sensory, Relay, Motor)
  • allows for rapid responses to changes in environment
  • does not involve the brain - reflex actions are involuntary
  • effector can be a muscle or a gland
  • receptors are found within sense organs
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17
Q

reflex actions

A

*crucial for survival
* involuntary actions - no involvement of the brain

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18
Q

what are receptors

A

specialised cells that detect stimuli

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19
Q

what happens once receptors detect stimuli

A

nerve impulses are sent to the CNS along sensory neurons

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20
Q

neurons

A

specialised nerve cells

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21
Q

synapse

A

junction between two neurons

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22
Q

sensory neuron

A

carries nerve impulses to the CNS from the receptor

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23
Q

motor neuron

A

carries the nerve impulse from CNS to an effector

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24
Q

relay neuron

A

connects a sensory and motor neuron

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25
nerve
bundle of neurons
26
nerve impulse
electrical message that passes along a neuron
27
what factors affect reaction time
* distractions eg: texting, talking * age * illness
28
components of the brain
* cerebral cortex * hypothalamus * pituitary gland * cerebellum * medulla
29
cerebral cortex
consciousness, intelligence, memory, language **large part at the top**
30
hypothalamus
temperature control **part in the middle**
31
pituitary gland
produces hormones **small bean shaped part that comes off the hypothalamus**
32
cerebellum
coordinated muscular activity and balance **second smaller brain looking thing at the back**
33
medulla
heartbeat, movement of the gut, breathing **part that comes own, relatively thin**
34
methods to study the brain
* MRI scan (magnetic resonance imaging) * CT scan
35
components of the eye
* iris * choreid * retina * sclera * ciliary muscles * fovea * optic nerve * blind spot * vitrious humour * aqueous humour * pupil * cornea * conjunctiva * lens * suspensory ligaments * rods * cones
36
iris
coloured ring of muscle that controls the amount of light that goes into our eyes
37
choreid
black lining of the eye that stops light from being reflected inside the eye - contains the blood vessels which supply the eye with glucose and oxygen
38
retina
light sensitive layer on the inside of the eye containing rods and cones. light is transduced into the electrical energy of nerve impulses
39
sclera
tough white protective outer layer that the eye muscles attach to
40
ciliary muscles
* attach to the lens by suspensory ligaments * circular muscles which change in thickness of the lens during accommodation
41
fovea
* small depression in centre of retina containing cones * region with greatest concentration of sensory cells * formes extremely sharp images
42
optic nerve
carries nerve impulses from the retina to the brain - a sensory neuron
43
blind spot
point where optic nerve attaches to the cell and no light-sensitive cells are
44
vitious humour
transparent jelly that maintains shape of eye
45
aqueous humour
transparent liquid fills the front of the eye
46
pupil
central hole formed by the iris that light enters through
47
cornea
transparent part of the sclera that allows light to focus on the retina
48
conjunctiva
transparent membrane that covers and protects the cornea
49
lens
focuses light on the retina by changing in thickness
50
suspensory ligaments
holds the lens in place and attaches to the ciliary muscles
51
rods
detect motion
52
cones
detect colour and precision in light
53
accommodation
focussing
54
what happens to the muscles in **bright light**
* ciliary muscles **contact** * radial muscles **relax** * pupils **constrict**
55
what happens to the muscles in **dim light**
* ciliary muscles **relax** * radial muscles **contract** * pupils **dilate**
56
how are the suspensory ligaments connected to the ciliary muscle
like spokes of a wheel
57
focusing on a distant object
1. ciliary muscles **relax** 2. suspensory ligaments **tense** 3. light rays are parallel
58
focusing on a nearby object
1. ciliary muscles **contract** 2. suspensory ligaments **loosen** 3. light rays are divergingmyopia
59
myopia
* short-sightedness * can focus on nearby objects * elongated eyeball means lens focuses sharpest image in front of the retina * corrected with concave lens - pushes the focal point back
60
hyperopia
* long-sightedness * can focus on distant objects * focuses the sharpest image behind the retina * corrected with convex lens - pulls the focal point forwards
61
new technology in fixing vision
* glasses * contact lenses * laser eye surgery * replacement lenses
62
advantages of contact lenses
* reduce image distortion * improves vision
63
disadvantages of contact lenses
prone to shifting and dryness
64
advantages of laser eye surgery
* permanent solution * pain free surgery
65
disadvantages of laser eye surgery
* expensive
66
advantages of replacement lenses
* used to correct issues such as cataracts and presbyopia * drastically improves vision
67
disadvantages of replacement lenses
* infection * inflammation

Biology (14 decks)

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