November mock prep- topic 2

Question 1

what kind of image does a transmission EM produce?

Answer 1

photomicrograph

Question 2

name the main difference between the samples needed when using electron microscopes

Answer 2

scanning electron microscopes do not need thin samples

Question 3

what are viruses?

Answer 3

acellular(no cell structure)
akaryotes(non living)

Question 4

describe the structure of viruses

Answer 4

capsid
attachment proteins
genetic material

Question 5

what surrounds prokaryotic cells?

Answer 5

capsule

Question 6

what are the functions of vacuoles?

Answer 6

acts as a food store
structural support for herbaceous plants

Question 7

function of nucleolus

Answer 7

assembles ribosomes

Question 8

function of rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 8

synthesis of proteins and glycoproteins

Question 9

structure and function of mitochondria

Answer 9

matrix-contains proteins, lipids, ribosomes and DNA

cristae-attachment of enzymes and proteins

Question 10

function of lysosomes

Answer 10

autolysis
release enzymes
digest worn out organelles

Question 11

function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 11

transportation and synthesis of lipids and carbohydrates

Question 12

function of the golgi apparatus

Answer 12

modifies lipids and proteins

Question 13

what happens during interphase?

Answer 13

DNA replicates
chromosomes visible

Question 14

what happens during prophase?

Answer 14

nuclear envelope disintegrates
nucleolus disappears

Question 15

what happens during metaphase?

Answer 15

spindle fibres form
chromosomes line up

Question 16

what happens during anaphase?

Answer 16

chromosomes pulled to opposite poles
spindle fibres contract

Question 17

what happens during telophase?

Answer 17

cytoplasm and cell membrane splits
spindles disintegrate
nucleolus and nuclear envelope reform

Question 18

explain the process of virus replication

Answer 18

attaches to host cell via attachment proteins

nucleic acid injected which provides instructions to create viral components, nucleic acid etc.

new virus is assembled

Question 19

what type of molecules can pass through the phospholipid bilayer?

Answer 19

lipid-soluble molecules

Question 20

what are the functions of proteins in the phospholipid bilayer?

Answer 20

mechanical support
receptors

Question 21

what type of molecules are involved in facilitated diffusion?

Answer 21

large, polar molecules

Question 22

what factors affect facilitated diffusion?

Answer 22

concentration gradient
number of carrier or channel proteins

Question 23

what is water potential?

Answer 23

pressure created by water molecules

Question 24

how do plant cells appear in isotonic solutions?

Answer 24

flaccid

Question 25

how do animal cells appear in hypotonic solutions?

Answer 25

lysed

Question 26

how do plant cells appear in hypotonic solutions?

Answer 26

turgid

Question 27

what happens to the vacuoles in plant cells in hypertonic solutions?

Answer 27

shrink

Question 28

what type of proteins are used in active transport?

Answer 28

carrier proteins

Question 29

how does co transport work?

Answer 29

ATP undergoes a condensation reaction which releases energy binds to the carrier protein which changes shape releasing the molecule on the other side phosphate is released meaning shape returns to normal phosphate recombines with ADP

Question 30

what are pathogens?

Answer 30

organisms that cause disease

Question 31

what are antibodies?

Answer 31

proteins that detect antigens

Question 32

what happens during inflammation?

Answer 32

histamine released from histamine granules this leads to vasodilation which makes the area appear red swelling caused by plasma leaks

Question 33

describe the similarities and differences between the two types of phagocytes

Answer 33

both made in bone marrow macrophages- larger specific defences neutrophils- short life span apoptosis lots made

Question 34

what are antigens?

Answer 34

chemical markers on the outside of pathogens with a unique shape

Question 35

what are APCs?

Answer 35

antigen presenting cells- antigens presented on outer membrane of a phagocyte after pathogen digested

Question 36

describe the similarities and differences between the two types of lymphocytes

Answer 36

white blood cells found in the lymph nodes and blood T lymphocytes- made in bone marrow produce antibodies B lymphocytes- made in thymus directly affect cells

Question 37

what type of immunity does a specific response lead to?

Answer 37

long term immunity

Question 38

how does cell mediated immunity work?

Answer 38

antigens presented on outer surface (APC) receptors on helper T cell fit onto antigens which activates the T cell to rapidly divide by mitosis they either develop into memory T cells, activate cytotoxic T cells or simulate B cells to secrete antibodies

Question 39

how does the humoral response work?

Answer 39

B cells receive antigens B cells process it and present it helper T cell binds and activates B cells which then divide by mitosis to clone plasma and memory cells plasma cells secrete antibodies that attach and destroy pathogens

Question 40

how do antibodies work?

Answer 40

agglutination- microbes dump together making it easier for the phagocyte neutralising toxins- bind to toxins present viruses entering entering host- binds and signals for macrophage

Question 41

what are the 4 types of immunity?

Answer 41

active artificial- immune after vaccination active natural- immune after initial exposure passive artificial- infected by antibodies passive natural- antibodies from mothers

Question 42

why don't vaccines eliminate all disease?

Answer 42

immunodeficiency antigenic variability objections different strains

Question 43

what does HIV do to helper T cells?

Answer 43

replicate inside them causing them to swell and burst

Question 44

describe the structure of HIV

Answer 44

attachment protein lipid envelope RNA capsid matrix reverse transcriptase

Question 45

how does HIV replicate?

Answer 45

binds to CD4 protein on helper T cell capsid fuses with membrane and RNA/enzymes enter HIV reverse transcriptase coverts HIV RNA into DNA moved into nucleus and inserted into cells DNA creates mRNA which leaves through nuclear pore to be used in protein synthesis

Question 46

what are monoclonal antibodies a clone of?

Answer 46

a single B cell

Question 47

describe the hybridoma method of making monoclonal antibodies

Answer 47

mouse injected with antigen which simulates the production of plasma cells bound with rapid dividing tumour cell to form a hybridoma which is assisted with an electrical current of polyethene glycol grown in selective growth medium cultured to produce large quantities of monoclonal antibodies

Question 48

how does ELISA testing work?

Answer 48

apply to surface and wash to remove unattached antigens add antibody and wash add second antibody with an enzyme add colourless substrate and look for a colour change