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AQA A level biology <33 > Topic 1- Biological molecules > Flashcards

Topic 1- Biological molecules Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

monomer

A

the smaller unit from which larger molecules are made

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2
Q

polymer

A

a molecule made up from a large number of monomers joined together

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3
Q

condensation reaction

A

a reaction that forms a chemical bond between two molecules and eliminates a molecule of water

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4
Q

hydrolysis reaction

A

a reaction that breaks a chemical bond between two molecules and uses a water molecule

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5
Q

monosaccharide

A

a monomer from which larger carbohydrates are made

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6
Q

disaccharide

A

a molecule formed by the condensation of two monosaccharides

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7
Q

polysaccharides

A

a molecule formed by the condensation of many monosaccharide units

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8
Q

glucose

A

a monosaccharide with two isomers: alpha glucose and beta glucose

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9
Q

carbohydrates

A

a molecule formed of one or more monosaccharides

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10
Q

maltose

A

a disaccharide formed by the condensation of two glucose molecules

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11
Q

sucrose

A

a disaccharide formed by the condensation of a glucose molecule and a fructose molecule

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12
Q

lactose

A

a disaccharide formed by the condensation of a glucose molecule and a galactose molecule

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13
Q

starch

A

a polysaccharide formed by the condensation of alpha glucose

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14
Q

glycogen

A

a polysaccharide formed by the condensation of alpha glucose molecules containing 1,4- and 1,6- glycosidic bonds

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15
Q

cellulose

A

a polysaccharide formed by the condensation of beta glucose containing only 1,4- glycosidic bonds

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16
Q

Starch and glycogen are insoluble in water. Why does this make them good storage molecules?

A

it means they don’t affect the water potential of the cell

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17
Q

Starch and glycogen are coiled. Why does this make them good storage molecules?

A

It makes the molecules compact

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18
Q

Starch and glycogen are branched. Why does this make them good storage molecules?

A

It means there are more ends for fast hydrolysis

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19
Q

Starch and glycogen are polymers of glucose. Why does this make them good storage molecules?

A

It means they provide glucose for respiration

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20
Q

Starch and glycogen are large molecules. Why does this make them good storage molecules?

A

it means they can’t cross the cell-surface membrane

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21
Q

What is a triglyceride?

A

A molecule formed by condensation, with ester bonds joining three fatty acids to one molecule of glycerol

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22
Q

What is a phospholipid?

A

A molecule formed by condensation, with two fatty acids and a phosphate group bonded to one molecule of glycerol

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23
Q

What is a saturated fatty acid?

A

A fatty acid with no double bonds between carbon atoms

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24
Q

What is an unsaturated fatty acid?

A

A fatty acid with one or more double bonds between carbon atoms

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25
What is an amino acid
The monomer from which proteins are made Made up of a central carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, an amine group, a carboxyl group and an R group
26
What is a peptide?
A molecule formed by the condensation of two amino acids
27
What is a polypeptide?
A polymer formed from the condensation of many amino acids
28
What is a conjugated protein?
A protein that contains non-protein prosthetic groups, attached by covalent, ionic or hydrogen bonds
29
What is a proteins primary structure?
the sequence of amino acids that makes up the polypeptide(s) of a protein
30
What is a proteins secondary structure?
The particular folding of a chain of amino acids in the polypeptides of a protein Coils to form an alpha helix Folds to form a beta pleated sheet
31
What is a proteins tertiary structure?
the particular folding of a whole polypeptide chain, as determined by the amino acids that make up the polypeptide forms a unique 3D shape ionic boding, hydrogen bonding and disulfide bridges
32
What is an enzyme?
A protein or RNA molecule that acts as a catalyst, increasing the rate of a biochemical reaction by lowering activation energy.
33
define activation energy
the energy required to bring about a reaction
34
what is an active site?
in an enzyme, the group of amino acids that make up the region where a substrate fits to catalyse a reaction
35
why is the tertiary structure of enzymes important?
the active site has a specific tertiary structure which is complementary to a specific substrate, enabling an enzyme-substrate complex
36
in the context of enzymes, what is a substrate?
a substance that is acted on or used by another substance or process
37
what is a competitive inhibitor?
an inhibitor that binds to the active site of an enzyme
38
what is a non-competitive inhibitor?
an inhibitor that binds to an enzyme, but not at the active site (binds to the allopatric site)
39
what is a mononucleotide?
a single nucleotide formed from a pentose, a nitrogen-containing organic base and a phosphate group
40
what is DNA?
A molecule with a double helix structure which consists of hydrogen bonds between specific complementary base pairs on two antiparallel polynucleotide chains DNA carries the genetic code for the production of proteins
41
what is a nucleic acid?
molecule that carries the genetic code for the production of proteins
42
what is a covalent bond?
a strong chemical bond where two atoms share a pair of electrons
43
what is an ionic bond?
a moderate chemical bond formed by the attraction between two oppositely charged ions
44
what is a hydrogen bond?
a weak chemical bond between the positive charge on a hydrogen atom and the negative charge on the atom of the adjacent molecule
45
what is a glycosidic bond?
A covalent bond between a carbohydrate molecule and a hydroxyl group on another molecule, resulting from a condensation reaction.
46
what is a peptide bond?
a covalent bond between two amino acids, resulting from a condensation reaction
47
what is a phosphodiester bond?
a covalent bond between two nucleotides, resulting from a condensation reaction.
48
what is a dipolar molecule?
a molecule with equal and opposite charges at the end
49
define adhesion
when water molecules are attracted to the impermeable walls of xylem tissue.
50
what are the properties of triglycerides?
They are good stores of energy due to the long hydrocarbon tails
51
what bases are found in DNA?
adenine thymine cytosine guanine
52
what bases are found in RNA?
adenine Uracil cytosine Guanine
53
What is RNA?
The short polypeptide chain that transfers genetic information
54
How does pH affect the rate of enzyme activity?
Enzymes work better at specific pH If pH is too high or low the enzyme won’t function properly
55
How does temperature affect the rate of enzyme activity?
if temperature becomes too high the enzymes tertiary structure will change meaning substrate will no longer fit (denatured)
56
How does substrate concentration affect the rate of enzyme activity?
low substrate concentration- few enzyme-substrate complexes formed high substrate concentration- not enough enzymes/ all enzymes full
57
How does enzyme concentration affect the rate of enzyme activity?
low enzyme concentration- all full but too many substrates high enzyme concentration- not all enzymes full
58
what does ATP stand for?
adenosine triphosphate
59
what does ADP stand for?
adenosine diphosphate
60
what enzyme is a catalyst for the synthesis of ATP?
ATP synthase
61
what enzyme is a catalyst for the hydrolysis of ATP?
ATP hydrolase
62
what is the tests for lipids?
emulsion test add ethanol then shake add water white emulsion
63
what is the test for starch?
iodine solution turns from orange to-brown to blue-black
64
what is the test for proteins?
biuret reagent turns blue to lilac
65
what is the test for non reducing sugars?
add HCl heat add sodium hydrogencarbonate to neutralise continue to test like you would for reducing sugars
66
name the 5 properties of water and the positive effect they have
1)metabolite- used in condensation and hydrolysis reactions 2)solvent- used in metabolic reactions 3)high specific heat capacity- maintain temperature 4)high specific latent heat of vaporisation-cooling effect 5)cohesive- carries long collums of water
67
what is the role of hydrogen ions?
maintain pH more hydrogen ions- more acidic
68
what is the role of iron(II) ions?
found in haemoglobin in red blood cells binds to oxygen
69
what is the role of sodium ions?
used in cotransport of glucose and amino acids
70
what is the role of phosphate ions?
form important molecules like DNA, ATP and phospholipids
71
describe semi-replication
-DNA helicase breaks hydrogen bonds between bases -free nucleotides bind to complementary exposed bases on the template strand through complementary base pairing -DNA polymerase forms phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides
72
how many hydrogen bonds are between adenine and thymine?
2
73
how many hydrogen bonds are between guanine and cytosine?
3

AQA A level biology <33 (12 decks)

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