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National Park Resources > NP Evolution and Volcanism > Flashcards

NP Evolution and Volcanism Flashcards

1
Q

Where do earthquakes occur

A

along plate bounary lines

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2
Q

3 primary collisions

A

convergent, divergent, transform

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3
Q

Which plate sinks due to being more dense, oceanic or continental

A

oceanic

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4
Q

another word for mantle plume

A

hot spot

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5
Q

why do hot areas become inactive

A

they move with the plate

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6
Q

accreted terranes

A

lithosphere carried by plate that eventually collides and fuses with another plate

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7
Q

magma?
lava?

A

beneath
surface

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8
Q

pyroclastic

A

pumice, ash, cinder, bombs, blocks thrown from a vent during an eruption

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9
Q

plutonic?
volcanic?

A

intrusive
extrusive

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10
Q

what determines nature of volcano eruptions?

A

magma chemistry and gas

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11
Q

what is critical to magma chemistry?`

A

quantity of silica

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12
Q

high silica eruptions

A

pyroclastic

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13
Q

low silica eruptions

A

nonexplosive

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14
Q

viscosity

A

state of being thick, sticky, and semifluid in consistency

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15
Q

higher silica = higher viscosity, solidify at lower temps
lower silica = ?

A

lower viscosity, eruptions hot and fluid

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16
Q

what is gas mostly made of

A

water vapor

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17
Q

lava flow and flood basalt

A

vast accumulation of lava build up

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18
Q

pyroclastic flows

A

avalanche of hot gases and material

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19
Q

volcanic mud flows? Another name?

A

lahar
results from heavy rain or snow melt during eruption

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20
Q

sheild volcano

A

layered solidified lava flows
gentle eruptions
lava flows farther

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21
Q

composite volcano

A

more steep, pyroclastic, and explosive
higher silica content
heavy lava doesn’t flow far
pyroclastic flows produce steep slopes, lava holds it together

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22
Q

lava dome

A

masses of very viscous lava that doesn’t flow far
some form inside composite volcanoes

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23
Q

cinder cone

A

smallest volcanic mountains
form from pyroclastic material
found in association with other volcanoes

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24
Q

calderas

A

results from volcano that explodes or collapses
immense impression

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25
sills
long, thin body whose orientation is determined by preexisting rocks
26
dikes
vertical sheet of magma thrust upward into preexisting rock; long and narrow
27
veins
Molten material forces itself into smaller fractures in preexisting rock; take irregular shapes
28
volcanic rebirth
much of earth's water vapor originated from earth's volcanic eruptions magma contains major elements required for plant growth
29
highest perentage of ethnic makeup
asian white
30
who unified Hawai'i islands into one kingdom?
King Kamehameha
31
Merry monarch
King Kalakaua reciprocity treaty of 1875 forced to sign new constitution
32
reciprocity treaty of 1875
free trade agreement with US lead to US controlling pearl harbor and eventually taken over completely by US
33
first queen regent
Lili'oukalani bayonet constitution- restore power overthrown by marines and imprisoned
34
american missionaries
abolished paganism developed 12 letter alphabet abolished dancing and other culture
35
Ala Kahakai NH trail
big island protect traditional native Hawai'ian culture and resources all natural resources available to community (fish, salt, trees, etc.)
36
Kaloko-Honokohau NHP
Big island native culture fish ponds and anchialine pools
37
anchialine pools
aquatic ecosystems where water pools in crevices of lava near shore
38
Pu'uhonua O Honaunau NHP
big island city of refuge from death penalty
39
Pu'ukohola Heiau NHS
big island temple or sacred place built to fulfill historic prophecy Kamehameha cousin was sacrifice
40
Pearl Harbor NM
Oahu ○ Explores the attack and subsequent entry of the US into WWII ○ USS Arizona, tomb ▪ Oil still escapes the hull ○ US Oklahoma, using DNA to identify deceased crewmen
41
Honouliuli NHS
Oahu not open story of interment, martial law and experience of prisoners of war in Hawaii in WWII
42
Kalaupapa NHP
Molokai'i Leprosy / Hansen's disease natural sea cliff barrier isolation ended 1969 but some inhabitants chose to stay
43
Papahanaumokuakea Marine NM
largest contiguous fully protected conservation area in US ecology, diversity, heritage
44
big island observatory
13 telescopes
45
ala wai canal
artificial waterway blasted coral reefs to build up land area created to drain rice patties and swamps place for affluent
46
problems with Waikiki
large homeless population due to increased
47
big island of hawaii
5 shield volcanoes mauna loa and kiluea still active
48
world's largest active volcano
mauna loa
49
lava lake
Halema'uma'u flooding of crater floor lava fountains- lake is active and gas bubbles
50
common rock in Hawaii volcanoes NP
basalt
51
Pahoehoe lava
smooth ropy cools slowly
52
A'a lava
jagged painful cools fast
53
reason for change between pahoehoe lava and aa lava
gas
54
lava tubes and tunnels
forms as molten flow continues under congealing of pahoehoe floor
55
Hawai'i crater that still erupts today
Halema'uma'u
56
Kilauea's crater name
Halema'uma'u
57
Mauna Loa crater name
Moku'aweoweo
58
hawaii volcano NP native vs invasive animals
bat, seal, nene goose cats, coqui frogs, mongoose, pigs
59
Papakolea green sand beach
only 4 in world volcanic material includes olivine
60
Haleakala NP
Maui 2 volcanoes Haleakala volcano dormant summit home to Maui's grandmother
61
which park has most endangered species
Haleakala NP
62
national park of american samoa
only np south of equator 3 islands world's highest sea cliffs volcanic islands, coral sand beach, coral reef
63
special about american samoa?
they have 50 year with US have own government and governor
64
what type of volcano is lassen and where is it
composite / lava plug dome california
65
what is only active volcano to erupt in conterminous US before helens
lassen
66
what is lassen an offspring of?
tehama
67
what happened to tehama
composite volcano that collapsed and eroded lassen developed as plug dome
68
lava/plug dome
hot pasty lava squeezed through old vent gas is trapped quick to form
69
lassen has what volcano types
all
70
why is there a strong smell of sulfur in lassen
a lot of sulfur in mantle number 1 gas trapped in molten rock
71
lassen clarks nutcrackers
crow family pine seed disperser bill specially made to crack pinecones don't migrate due to seed abundance
72
lassen microbes
thrive in superheated waters use toxic compounds for energy
73
what's another name for composite volcanos?
strato-volcano
74
native american myths of crater lake
tribe: klamath created by struggle between chiefs of above and below world believe wizard island is head of Llao chief of below world
75
what volcano came before crater lake?
Mt. Mazama
76
mt mazama
overlapping volcanoes active intermittently catastrophic eruption- formed caldera
77
evidence mt mazama glaciers
glacial troughs u-shaped cross section interbedded lava and glacial till
78
final stage of mazama
wizard island mazama considered dormant
79
mazama water
no steams or rivers all from rain and snow deepest caldera in US very clear, aquatic moss grow very deep (deepest sun penetration in world)
80
difference caldera and crater
crater = explosion outwards caldera = collapse inwards
81
wizard island
sorcerer's hat mostly underwater cinder cone- from caldera floor during collapse
82
phantom ship island
volcanic basalt dike (lava in fault)
83
mazama collateral
pumice desert - 200ft -de facto desert, holds little water pinnacles - ejected in flames - where steam localized, particles cemented
84
contorted white bark pines
tolerates severe conditions, high elevations keystone species
85
fumeroles
tunnel through dead aquatic moss
86
mt rainer native name
tahoma
87
mt rainer
composite largest glaciated mountain us typical cascades are pyrcoclastics summit missing lahars are common
88
rainer invertebrates
majority of biomass banana slugs - decomposers
89
nurse log
allow for more growth then when alive fungi and bacteria allow for ecosystems to blossom
90
national monument history
antiquities act roosevelt preserving native american artifacts
91
craters of the moon
not violent fissure flows EXTENSIVE balsaltic lava cinder cones on top of lava flows
92
devil's tower
granite igneous intrusion forced up in sedimentary layers erosion at base

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