NRSG 126 - Week 10 Flashcards
(82 cards)
Layers of the brain
- Meninges – secures and absorbs shock
- Epidural – small vessels and fat
- Dura – thick and strong
- Subdural space – not really a space
- Arachnoid - connecting
- Subarachnoid – CSF and major blood vessels
- Pia – thin and hugs brain and spine
4 lobes of the cerebral cortex and what does frontal damage do?
o Frontal: motor function, motivation aggression, smell, and mood
o Parietal: reception and evaluation of sensory info.
o Temporal: smell, hearing, memory and abstract thought
o Occipital: visual processing
- Frontal Damage can impact/cause- speech/language, hemiplegia, ataxia, problem solving, judgement, behavior, dysarthria, apraxia of speech
what do the Hypothalamus and Medulla Oblongata
both help to support ANS responses!
- Hypothalamus: command center for ANS activation. It is also our thirst center.
- Pons and Medulla are resp centers for automatic breathing in the pons and medulla is activated by local CO2 and peripheral chemoreceptors (carotid and aortic arch) sense O2 and tell the medulla what’s up! and the medulla is also activated by baroreceptors in our aortic arch and carotid sinus detecting changes in BP.
o Remember our HR is controlled by the SA node or pacemaker but it can be impacted by the ANS and the PNS and SNS in response to changes. SNS: Norepinephrine and Adrenaline (adrenals)= fight/flight; PNS: ACH or acetylcholine= rest/digest
- We can control our breathing with the cerebellum.
what is intracranial pressure and why is it important
- Pressure inside the cranial vault
- Depend on 3 volumes: Brain 10%, CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) 10%, Blood (in vessels) 80%
- If any of the pressures in the brain changes, it caused pressure on the brain
what can change the brain compnent?
o Tumor: takes up space
o Surgery: cut neurons?
o Atrophy: change with ageing or health conditions
what can change the blood component
o Stroke: clot or bled
o Deformity: AVM, aneurysm
o Injury: SDH, SAH epidural hemorrhage
o Always consider health conditions that increase these risks
what can change the CSF and where is it
subarachnoid space and ventricles
o Injury
o surgery (cause) can cause leak complication of epidural break through dura – “dural tear”
o Surgery (fix) – VP shut to fix (hydrocephalus), EBP 9epidural blood patch for dural tear
o It is a clear colour
o Leak = headache
nerves: where is the phrenic nerve and what does it innervate. Where is the most common site of injury?
o C3-5 phrenic nerve diaphragm
o L1 – 5 most common site of injury
what is radiculopathy
o Associated with nerve pinching causing neuropathic pain
PNS (Peripheral Nervous System)
- Sensory neurons – afferent
o Somatic and visceral sensory ganglia
o Cranial nerve ganglia
o Autonomic:
PNS (far from spine)
SNS (close to spine) - Motor neurons – effect
o Conus medullairis
o Cauda equina - The PNS consists of Ganglion and nerves.
- Ganglion: nerve clusters coming out from spinal cord.
- Nerves: extending to skin and all other organs, muscles, bones etc
what is afferent, efferent, grey matter, white matter?
- Afferent - Sensory goes to CNS (sense pain)
- Efferent – motor goes away from CNS (run!!!)
- grey matter – neuron
- White matter – axon
summary of CNS
o Brain and spinal cord
o Protected by skull, vertebrae, and meninges
o Meninges: dura, arachnoid, pia
o Spaces: epidural, subdural, subarachnoid (CSF here*)
Summary of PNS
o Ganglia and nerves
o Neurons: dendrite – cell body – axon (myelin) – synapse
o Sensory: afferent bring information to the CNS
o Motor: afferent bring information away from the CNS
Dermatomes
In both CNS and PNS
- Dermatomes from C-spine, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral connect the CNS to the PNS
Summary of sensory experience
o Reception (afferent), perception (as discussed in pain week- quality and nature of stimuli, previous experiences and LOC), reaction (efferent).
macular degernation
o Leading cause of vision loss, affects >50yrs
o Incurable
o Loss of central vision
cataracts
o Everyone will develop it with age, gradually and without pain
o Blurs all vision
diabetic retinopathy
o Leading cause of vision loss <50yrs
o Uncontrolled diabetes
o Severe vision loss/blindness
glaucoma
o Second most common cause of vision loss >65
o Visual field loss, decreased acuity, halo, or blindness
Refractive Errors
o Myopia – nearsighted
o Hyperopia – farsighted
o Presbyopia - difficulty reading small print
Senses – Hearing (ears: hearing and balance)
- The inner ear helps with balance- there is fluid and small hair-like sensors.
- There are many changes that can happen or diseases that can impact hearing. We will go more in-depth with each of these.
Conductive hearing loss (conduction from one end to another)
o Inefficient sound waves outer to inner ear
o Ear canal blockage- cold, allergy, infection
Central auditory processing disorder
o Auditory center damage (pathway to medulla)
o Central cortex pathway damage
o TBI, tumor, heredity
Otitis media (itis = infection, common in children and infants)
o Eardrum and middle ear damage
o Infection
o Can lead to permanent hearing loss
