NS

Question 1

Which of the following blood vessels supplies the area of brain associated with visual processing?
a) Anterior cerebral artery
b) Internal carotid artery
c) Posterior cerebral artery
d) Basilar artery
e) Middle cerebral artery

Answer 1

c) Posterior cerebral artery

Question 2

Which of the following cranial nerves is responsible for the special sensation of hearing?
a) CNI
b) CNII
c) CN VII
d) CN VIII
e) CNIX

Answer 2

d) CN VIII

Question 3

All processing at the circuit level going up to the perceptual level synapses in the:
a) Thalamus
b) Pons
c) reticular formation
d) medulla

Answer 3

a) Thalamus

Question 4

An animal venom toxin is found to block voltage-gated Ca2+ channels on nerve terminals. What effect would this toxin have?
a) Depolarise the neuron
b) Hyperpolarise the neuron
c) Inhibit action potential conduction
d) Inhibit release of neurotransmitter
e) Inhibit synthesis of neurotransmitter

Answer 4

d) Inhibit release of neurotransmitter

Question 5

Which of the following sensory receptors detect taste and smell?
a) Mechanoreceptors
b) Chemoreceptors
c) Thermoreceptors
d) Nociceptors
e) Photoreceptors

Answer 5

b) Chemoreceptors

Question 6

Intracranial haemorrhage from the middle meningeal artery is likely to result in:
a) Subarachnoid haemorrhage
b) Intracerebral haemorrhage
c) Intraventricular haemorrhage
d) Epidural haematoma
e) Subdural hematoma

Answer 6

d) Epidural haematoma

Question 7

hich of the following statements concerning the cerebrum is CORRECT?
a) The precentral gyrus is located in the parietal lobe
b) The primary auditory cortex is located in the occipital lobe
c) The premotor cortex is located in the frontal lobe
d) The primary visual cortex is located in the temporal lobe
e) The insula cortex forms a part of the basal ganglia system

Answer 7

c) The premotor cortex is located in the frontal lobe

Question 8

Which of the following statements concerning neural crest cells is CORRECT?
a) Neural crest cells originate from embryonic mesoderm
b) Neural crest cells form the dorsal root ganglion neurons
c) The neural crest cells participate in formation of the vertebral column
d) Neural crest cells give rise to somatic motor neurons
e) The neural plate develops under the influence of the neural crest cells

Answer 8

b) Neural crest cells form the dorsal root ganglion neurons

Question 9

Where are the cell bodies of neurons that carry proprioception from the elbow joint found?
a) Dorsal horn of the spinal cord
b) Dorsal root ganglion
c) Brainstem
d) Motor ganglion
e) Sympathetic chain

Answer 9

b) Dorsal root ganglion

Question 10

Which of the following dural venous sinuses can be located between the two dural layers of the Tentorium cerebelli?
a) Superior sagittal sinus
b) Inferior sagittal sinus
c) Transverse sinus
d) Great cerebral vein
e) Straight sinus

Answer 10

c) Transverse sinus

Question 11

Propriocetor inputs to the thalmaus synapse in which structure?
a) Ventral posterior complex
b) Ventral posterior lateral nucleus
c) Ventral posterior medial nucleus
d) Both the ventral posterior medial nucleus and the ventral posterior lateral nucleus
e) Ventral posterior lateral nucleus and the ventral posterior complex

Answer 11

a) Ventral posterior complex

Question 12

Where are the colliculi located?
a) The dorsal surface of the pons
b) Caudal to the optic chiasm
c) The ventral surface of the medulla
d) In the floor of the 4th ventricle
e) The midbrain tectum

Answer 12

e) The midbrain tectum

Question 13

Which of the following secondary brain vesicles gives rise to the pons and cerebellum?
a) Metencephalon
b) Diencephalon
c) Myelencephalon
d) Telencephalon
e) Mesencephalon

Answer 13

a) Metencephalon

Question 14

Which of the following blood vessels drains the area of brain associated with sensory perception of the lower limbs?
a) Superior sagittal sinus
b) Inferior sagittal sinus
c) Transverse sinus
d) Great cerebral vein
e) Straight sinus

Answer 14

a) Superior sagittal sinus

Question 15

The lacrimal gland is supplied by which of the following cranial nerves with parasympathetic fibres?
a) CNII
b) CNV
c) CN VII
d) CNIX
e) CNX

Answer 15

c) CN VII

Question 16

Which of the following events would be expected to result in an IPSP?
a) Binding of ACh to a nicotinic receptor
b) Binding of a neurotransmitter to a ligand-gated Na+ channel
c) Closure of K+ leakage channels
d) Deflection of a hair follicle
e) Opening of a ligand-gated Cl- channel

Answer 16

e) Opening of a ligand-gated Cl- channel

Question 17

Which of the following pharyngeal arches does CN IX supply?
a) Pharyngeal arch I
b) Pharyngeal arch II
c) Pharyngeal arch III
d) Pharyngeal arch IV
e) Pharyngeal arch VI

Answer 17

c) Pharyngeal arch III

Question 18

Oxygen levels in the blood would be detected by:
a) Nociceptors
b) Photoreceptors
c) Chemoreceptors
d) Thermoreceptors
e) Mechanoreceptors

Answer 18

c) Chemoreceptors

Question 19

Which grey matter structures of the cerebrum form the basal nuclei?
a) The putamen and amygdala
b) The caudate nucleus and globus pallidus
c) The caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus
d) The globus pallidus, putamen and amygdala
e) The globus pallidus and putamen

Answer 19

c) The caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus

Question 20

In the parasympathetic nervous system, neurotransmitter action is terminated by which mechanism?
a) active reuptake into presynaptic nerves
b) diffusion from the synapse
c) endocytosis
d) enzymatic degradation
e) inactivation by inhibitors

Answer 20

d) enzymatic degradation

Question 21

The Aα or group I fibres are myelinated and have the largest diameter of the sensory fibres. These fibres transmit sensory information transduced by which type of receptor?
a) Proprioceptor
b) Photoreceptor
c) Nociceptor
d) Chemoreceptor

Answer 21

a) Proprioceptor

Question 22

The region in S1 that sensory afferents terminate:
a) Determines the type of sensation
b) Determines where a sensation originated
c) Controls skeletal muscle output
d) Processes some pain sensations
e) Determines emotional responses to sensation

Answer 22

b) Determines where a sensation originated

Question 23

What type of neuron has its cell bodies in the paravertebral or prevertebral ganglia?
a) Preganglionic parasympathetic
b) Preganglionic sympathetic
c) Postganglionic parasympathetic
d) Postganglionic sympathetic
e) There is no option e for this question

Answer 23

d) Postganglionic sympathetic

Question 24

The sensory pathways which carry sensations which become conscious perception are the:
a) Dorsal column-medial lemniscal and trigeminothalamic pathways
b) Dorsal column-medial lemniscal and spinocerebellar pathways
c) Spinocerebellar and spinothalamic pathways
d) Dorsal column-medial lemniscal and rubrospinal pathways

Answer 24

a) Dorsal column-medial lemniscal and trigeminothalamic pathways

Question 25

Which of the following fibre types synapse in a motor ganglion prior to reaching its target organ? a) General somatic afferent b) General visceral afferent c) General visceral efferent d) Special somatic afferent e) Special visceral efferent

Answer 25

c) General visceral efferent

Question 26

In which ventricle(s) of the brain is CSF produced? a) Lateral ventricles b) Third ventricle c) Fourth ventricle d) Lateral and fourth ventricles e) All of the ventricles

Answer 26

e) All of the ventricles

Question 27

Which of the following fibre types carries touch, pressure, pain, temperature and vibration sensations? a) General somatic afferent b) General visceral efferent c) General visceral afferent d) Special visceral efferent e) Special somatic afferent

Answer 27

a) General somatic afferent

Question 28

A neuron with a resting membrane potential of -70mV receives simultaneous synaptic inputs via receptors as follows: 5-HT3: 15 mV; GABA A: 10 mV; nAChR: 5 mV; NMDA: 5 mV. What will be the resulting membrane potential? a) -45 mV b) -55 mV c) -65 mV d) -85 mV e) -90 mV

Answer 28

b) -55 mV

Question 29

When does neurulation occur? a) During the foetal period b) Prior to implantation c) During the pre-embryonic period d) In the second trimester e) During the embryonic period

Answer 29

e) During the embryonic period

Question 30

Which of the following cells is quite sensitive to skin deformation, particularly to low-frequency stimulation with textured objects? Pacinian afferent Meissner afferent Ruffini afferent Merkel cell Hair follicle receptor

Answer 30

Meissner afferent

Question 31

The vestibular system is able to detect Translational acceleration in any direction. Rotational acceleration in any direction. Orientation of the head with respect to gravity. All of the above None of the above

Answer 31

All of the above

Question 32

The fastest conducting of the following sensory fibers is the Ia sensory afferents. A¦Â afferents providing tactile information. A¦Ä pain and temperature fibers. c fibers. All of the above convey sensory signals at the same rate

Answer 32

Ia sensory afferents.

Question 33

Both the cochlea and the labyrinth Use otoliths in mechanotransduction. Use hair cells in mechanotransduction. Consist of semicircular canals. Possess a spiral canal. None of the above

Answer 33

Use hair cells in mechanotransduction.

Question 34

Which of the following statements about hair cells on the three distinct types of hair cell bearing structures of the labyrinth is true? Only hair cells in the ampullae have a distinct pattern of orientation. Hair cells have the same pattern of orientation on all three structures. Each structure has a distinct pattern of hair cell orientation. Each structure has ordered patterns with interspersed randomly-oriented patches of nerve cells. The hair cells are randomly oriented on all three structures.

Answer 34

Each structure has a distinct pattern of hair cell orientation.

Question 35

Which of the following is the primary function of the three bones in the middle ear? Selective transmission of high-frequency sounds Selective transmission of low-frequency sounds Amplification of sound pressure waves to increase auditory sensitivity Dampening sound pressure waves to prevent damage to the ear Facilitation of fluid drainage from the Eustachian tube

Answer 35

Amplification of sound pressure waves to increase auditory sensitivity

Question 36

Corticospinal axons mostly Send ipsilateral axons into the lateral corticospinal tract. Send contralateral axons into the ventral (anterior) corticospinal tract. Synapse onto spinal ¦Á motor neurons Synapse onto spinal local circuit neurons. Synapse onto spinal ¦Ã motor neurons

Answer 36

Synapse onto spinal local circuit neurons.

Question 37

Which of the following statements about proprioceptive afferents from the trunk and limbs is false? Many synapse within the dorsal horn. Many bifurcate after they enter spinal cord. Many cross at the spinal level and ascend contralaterally to the cerebellum. Many terminate on Clarke¡ ̄s nucleus in the spinal cord. Many send collaterals to the dorsal column nuclei.

Answer 37

Many cross at the spinal level and ascend contralaterally to the cerebellum.

Question 38

The primary event that accounts for light-induced hyperpolarization of photoreceptors is The gating of ion channels by released retinal monomers. A sudden increase in the concentration of cAMP, leading to activation of potassium channels. A rapid fall in the concentration of cGMP, leading to closure of Na+/Ca2+ channels. A rapid rise in the concentration of cGMP, leading to closure of Na+/Ca2+ channels. Light-induced photoisomerization of membrane-bound calcium channels.

Answer 38

A rapid fall in the concentration of cGMP, leading to closure of Na+/Ca2+ channels.

Question 39

The patellar tendon (knee-jerk) reflex is Mediated by Golgi tendon organs. A monosynaptic reflex arc mediated by Ia afferents. A polysynaptic reflex arc that integrates the input from groups Ia, Ib, and II afferents. Mediated by collaterals of somatosensory afferents. A volitional response to the impending impact of an object (i.e., the physician¡ ̄s rubber hammer) directed toward the knee.

Answer 39

A monosynaptic reflex arc mediated by Ia afferents.

Question 40

Which of the following organs is most sensitive to horizontal acceleration of the head? Saccule Utricle Both the saccule and utricle Horizontal semicircular canals Vertical semicircular canals

Answer 40

Utricle