Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Nutri Sci 332 > NS 332: Exam 1 > Flashcards

NS 332: Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two major types of nutritional science studies?

A

Epidemiological(Observational) and Interventional(Experimental)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the difference between epidemiological (observational) and interventional (experimental) studies?

A

Epidemiological studies are used to generate the hypothesis.
Interventional studies are used to test the hypothesis generated previously.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do researchers do during epidemiological studies?

A

Explore correlations between exposures and outcomes (example: cigarettes and lung cancer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do researchers do during interventional studies?

A

Manipulate one or more factors (independent variables) and measure outcomes (dependent variables) in subjects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What can an interventional study determine?

A

Causal relationships (if well designed)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What can an epidemiological study determine?

A

Can establish complex associations/correlations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the difference between retrospective and prospective studies?

A

Retrospective looks back at a subject’s history, while prospective looks at the future.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the three types of epidemiological studies?

A
  1. Cross-sectional studies
  2. Retrospective studies
  3. Prospective cohort studies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a cross-sectional study?

A

Measure various exposures and outcomes simultaneously
Example: a one-time survey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a retrospective study?

A

Assess outcomes before potential causes; compare individuals with and without the condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a prospective cohort study?

A

Follow the same group of people over a period of time
Example: Framingham Heart Study; followed a small town of people to determine cardiovascular risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the strongest epidemiological study type?

A

Prospective cohort study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does it mean when a cause is necessary?

A

If the cause is not there, the outcome will not occur.
Example: Essential nutrients are necessary for health.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does it mean when a cause is sufficient?

A

If the cause is there, the outcome will too.
Example: Being human to being a mammal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does it mean when a cause is contributory?

A

The cause is necessary and/or sufficient (and
thus has effects) only under certain circumstances.
Example: Niacin necessary for preventing Pellagra only when protein (amino acid) consumption is insufficient.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are some key challenges in human nutrition research?

A
  1. Assessment of exposures due to lack of reliable measurements or potential confounding factors or biases
  2. Assessment of health outcomes of interest because indexes/biomarkers of diseases are used and nutritional assessments are often not specific
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the deficiencies in assessing habitual dietary intake with 24-hour recall, food frequency questionnaire, and a food record/diary?

A

*24-hour Recall: Recall bias, may not represent usual intake
*Food frequency questionnaire: food intake patterns limited in accuracy and completeness
*Food record/diary: (most accurate) may not be representative, observer effect (will eat healthier and exercise more)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How is a person’s nutritional status determined?

A

The health of the person related to how well their diet meets individual needs requirements. Adequate intake leads to optimal function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the four (ABCD) ways of assessing nutritional assessment outcomes?

A
  1. Anthropometric Measurements (Waist Size)
  2. Biochemical Testing (Lab Tests)
  3. Clinical assessments (Physical examination)
  4. Dietary assessments (using one of three methods)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary deficiencies?

A

Primary deficiency is caused by inadequate diet or secondary deficiency is caused by a problem in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which assessment method(s) can reveal primary or secondary nutritional deficiency?

A

Diet history and/or health history

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which assessment method can reveal declining nutrient stores (subclinical) and abnormal functions inside the body (covert)?

A

Laboratory tests (biochemical testing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which assessment method can reveal physical signs and symptoms in the body (overt)?

A

Physical examination (clinical assessment) and anthropometric measurements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are some characteristics of a randomized human clinical trial?

A

“Ideal design” to address human nutritional needs
-Large Scale
-Double Blind
-Placebo Controlled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are two advantages of randomized human clinical trials?

A
  1. Well-designed interventions can prove causality
  2. Can be directly applied to humans
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are five advantages of randomized human clinical trials?

A
  1. Costly and time consuming
  2. Difficult to control for all confounding factors
  3. Ethics
  4. Subjects may not be representative: “Generalizability”?
  5. Reproducibility?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is nutrition?

A

The process by which a living organism obtains, assimilates, and uses nutrient or other food components for growth, maintenance of tissues, and reproduction.

28
Q

What is human nutrition?

A

Science of how dietary intakes affect development, health, and risk of developing diseases later in life.

29
Q

What are nutrients?

A

Chemical components in diet (food and drinks) that organisms need to sustain life

30
Q

What are the three functions of nutrients, at the organismal level?

A
  1. Promote Growth
  2. Maintain Tissues
  3. Regulate Physiological Processes
31
Q

What are the three functions nutrients serve, at the cellular level?

A
  1. Energy Substrate
  2. Structural Material
  3. Regulatory Agent
32
Q

What are phytochemicals?

A

chemical compounds found in plants; don’t provide fuel (these do not meet the definition of a nutrient)
example: Broccoli contains the cancer-fighting phytochemical called sulforaphane)

33
Q

What are the six groups of nutrients?

A

water, carbs, protein, lipids, minerals, vitamins

34
Q

What are the macronutrients?

A

water, carbs (mostly from plants), protein (found everywhere), lipids

35
Q

What are the micronutrients?

A

minerals and vitamins (only exist in minute amounts, don’t need many)

36
Q

What are the pros and cons of processed foods?

A

Pros: Increases shelf life and preserves them
Cons: Rids food of water and some essential nutrients

37
Q

Out of the six groups of nutrients, which four groups are organic (contain C-C bonds)?

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and vitamins

38
Q

Out of the six groups of nutrients, which two groups are inorganic (do not contain C-C bonds)?

A

Water and minerals

39
Q

What is the exception to this statement?
“Organic groups of nutrients are energy-yielding.”

A

Vitamins are organic, but too complex in structure to be energy yielding.

40
Q

Where do the majority of carbohydrates come from?

A

Plants

41
Q

What else can be classified as an energy-yielding, other than the four nutrients?

A

Alcohol (yields energy, but not a nutrient)

42
Q

What defines a nutrient requirement?

A

The lowest intake level of a nutrient that maintains
basic physiological functions and supports
optimal health (Nutrient requirements differ among individuals)

43
Q

How many kcals/g in carbs?

A

4 kcal

44
Q

How many kcal/g in protein?

A

4 kcal

45
Q

How many kcal/g in lipids?

A

9 kcal

46
Q

How many kcal/g in alcohol?

A

7 kcal

47
Q

What is an essential nutrient?

A

Required for physiological function, but can’t be produced by our body in sufficient amounts

48
Q

What is the operational definition of an essential nutrient?

A

When removed from a diet, health declines; when added to a diet, health improves

49
Q

What is choline?

A

The most recently discovered essential nutrient; necessary for making acetyl-choline.

50
Q

Why are young women more able to tolerate insufficiency in choline?

A

The enzyme that makes choline is moderated by estrogen

51
Q

What is the Recommended Dietary Allowance’s primary concern?

A

To prevent nutrient deficiencies

52
Q

What is the “intake goal” range associated with?

A

The intakes goal range are associated with the lowest risk of inadequacy and excess.

53
Q

What is nutrient density?

A

The amount of micronutrients and protein of a food item relative to its energy content

54
Q

What are nutrient-dense foods?

A

high in nutrients but relatively
low in calories. Nutrient-dense foods contain vitamins, minerals, complex carbohydrates, lean protein, and healthy fats

55
Q

What is energy density?

A

The energy content (kcal) of a food item relative to its
weight (g)

56
Q

What is the chance of a person’s intake being adequate, if following the RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowance?

A

> 98% because RDA covers the needs of most people

57
Q

What is the chance of a person’s intake being adequate, if falling somewhere between EAR and RDA?

A

50-98%; more difficult to assess, but chances are greater that it will be inadequate, compared to RDA

58
Q

What is the chance of a person’s intake being adequate, if falling below the EAR (Estimated Average Requirement)?

A

<50% chance intake is inadequate

59
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Saccharides, sugars; range of digestibility; range in structure

60
Q

Rank the three digestible sugar types from simple to complex.

A

Monosaccherides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides

61
Q

What are the three monosaccharides (Hexoses)?

A

Glucose, fructose, and galactose

62
Q

What are the three digestible disaccharides?

A

Maltose, sucrose, lactose

63
Q

What are the three digestible polysaccharides?

A

Amylose, amylopectin, glycogen

64
Q

Which type of sugar can we absorb?

A

Simple sugars

65
Q

What is the difference between aldose and ketose?

A

Aldose and ketose are both simple sugars (monosaccharides). They differ in composition: aldose contains an aldehyde (CHO) group (consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen), while ketose contains a ketone (CO) group (consisting of carbon and oxygen)

Nutri Sci 332 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions