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NS Flashcards

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1
Q

Structure of Na VGC

A

Consist of alpha and beta subunits
Alpha subunit consist of 4 domain and each domain contains S1-S6 (six segments) with each domain linked by an amino acid chain

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2
Q

Function of beta subunits in Na VGC

A

Fine tuning properties on channels - it helps channel inactivation to occur faster

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3
Q

Can the Na VGC inactivate on its own With only alpha subunits?

A

Yes, beta subunits accelerate channel inactivation

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4
Q

In the ball and chain model for Na VGCs, whereabouts is this chain in the channel?

A

The amino acid chain between domain III and IV

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5
Q

S4 domain of the Na VGC does what to activate channel

A

Move towards the EXtracellulat side of the membrane as it is positively charged

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6
Q

Size difference between Na and K VGC

A

Na VGC is 4x larger than K+ VGC

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7
Q

How do we inactivate S type K channels

A

Delete the first 20 aminoacid at N terminal

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8
Q

Function of AKC is to

A

Delay onset and frequency of AP to allow variability in AP pattern

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9
Q

When does AKC open and how

A

AKC opens during depolarisation phase and closes later in the same phase as MP increases.
It requires hyperpilarisation in order to be activated again hence often fire after repeated firing or after inhibitory neurones activation

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10
Q

AKC is coded by

A

Shaker B

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11
Q

Structure of K delayed channels

A

4 alpha subunits consisting of 1 domain each come together without any physical linkage

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12
Q

TTX blocks

A

Na VGCs

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13
Q

TEA blocks

A

K+ VGC

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14
Q

APV blocks

A

NMDA channels

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15
Q

What blocks both Na and K channels

A

Lidocaine

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16
Q

Where is the primary cortex located

A

In the precentral gyrus - area 4

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17
Q

What Cortex are responsible for planning movements

A

Supplementary and pre-motor cortex in area 6

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18
Q

What’s a basal ganglia

A

A functional unit in the brain that consist of a group of associated subcortical nuclei

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19
Q

What’s the function of BG

A

Integrates sensory and motor input from cortex and modulate response via the promotors cortex via ventrolateral thalamus
Also selects and initiate voluntary movement

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20
Q

Disorders of basal ganglia is associated with

A

The inability to suppress unwanted movements - often present with dyskinesia

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21
Q

df. Of dyskinesia

A

Unwanted uncoordinated involuntary movements

Diminished voluntary movement

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22
Q

Pathological cause of Parkinson’s

A

Degeneration of dopaminergic neurones in the Nigro-striatal pathway which leads to the overactivaion of the SNc/GPi thereby constantly inhibiting the ventrolateral thalamus

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23
Q

Does patient with Parkinson’s always have uncontrolled movement?

A

No, if they are doing things or moving, the disinhibition of thalamus is released and hence the motor signals will override the default control

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24
Q

The limbic region includes

A

Anything that is associated with emotion regulation

  • hippocampus
  • amygdala
  • neocortex
  • thalamus (ATN)
  • hypothalamus (PVN)
  • ant. Pit.
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25
Why do we need emotion
To communicate better | Helps learning and memory retention by giving relavence to the memory
26
The ANS symptoms exhibited in anxiety patients is due to
Increase activity of the hypothalamus as it is the centre of ANS control
27
Disease / disorders of the Amgdala
Kluver-Bucy syndrome - range of behavioural abnormalities mostly characterised by decease in fear and lack of emotions Urbach-Wiethe disease -natural degeneration of amgdala -patients unable to recognise facial expression -sometimes patients can get TLE
28
what part of brain is related to the sense of pleasure
The orbitofrontal cortex
29
Mesolithic pathway
Runs via the medial forebrain bundle Via the VTA (ventral tegmemtal area ) to the nucleus accumbens and limbic area n the midbrain
30
What is the amgdala associated with
Fear and aggression
31
Patients with PTSD shows increase activity in the amygdala. Apart from SSRIs, what other methods can we use to treat these patients (surgical procedure)
Deep brain stimulation or removal of the amygdala
32
Drugs for treating anxiety
- think calming - BDZ, 5-HT1A partial agonist (Buspirone) - SSRI, a AR antagonist (symptomatic relief
33
The use of BDZ along with ethanol and opioids put patient in risk of
Severe respiratory depression Unconsciousness (excessive sedation) And potentially coma snd death
34
What happens to the hypothalamus if patient has chronic depression
Volume (size) of hypothalamus decreases | But reversible with use of drug
35
How does psychotherapy helps with anxiety or depression
Alter neurotransmitters transmission Alter neuronal circuitry via change in synaptic plasticity Desensitisation/habituation if phobic anxiety
36
Structure of GABAa receptor
5subunits - ABAB-gamma Channel pore allows Cl- influx GABA binding site is between AB whilst BDZ allosteric binding site is at A-gamma
37
Is depression or mood or thought disorder
Depression is a mood disorder | Thought disorder is the disorder of the mind - hence refer to psychosis such as schizophrenia
38
Definition of anxiety
An inappropriate manefiststion of fear response to a stressor which can be present or absent
39
Drugs treatment for depression
- atypical depressing man invites SIRI for Tea - atypical neuroleptic - MAOI - SSRI - TCA
40
Phenelzine is what type or class of drug
Non selective MAOI that blocks breakdown of Monoamine in mitochondria Increase intracrllulwr and intrasynaptic monoamine levels
41
TCA such as amitriptyline and imipramine MoA and s/e
They are dirty drugs Mainly block reuptake of 5-HT and NA But because they are dirty drugs - give sedative effect (H1R antagnism
42
Fluroxetine and paroxetine are what class of drugs
SSRIS
43
Visual input travel up which fibre to the cerebellum
Climbing fibre
44
Reserpine, an neuroleptic that is often used as an depressant/hypotensive agent works by
Blocking presynaptic Mg/ATP dependent transport of amines from being packaged into vesicles -deplete NA levels
45
What is the basis of learning and memory
LTP - the modification of synaptic transmission and connection
46
Potentiarion of the cell requires
Strong activation of synapses and synchronised firing of neurones
47
NMDA is a ________________ receptor that only opens when _______?
NMDA is a coincidence receptor that only opens when postsynaptic membrane depolarises in response to presynaptic firing
48
Process of LTP
Glutamate release and bind to both AMPA and NMDA receptor. However NMDA is blocked due to Mg+. The AMPA opening allows Ca/Na influx and K+ efflux. Further depolarisation of membrane results in repel of the Mg which opens up NMDA, allowing further depolarisation. Increase [Ca] cause activation of CAMKII (which is activated by CA-CAM). This will Pi AMPA which increase Na conductance, further depolarising membrane. Also drives gene transcription of more AMPA for insertion - mediated by SNARE. Ca also trigger retrograde signals which further stimulate presynaptic membrane, enhance synapse via neurotrophin release( BDNF)
49
How does LTD occur
If Ca influx is slow, it will activate Ca dependent dephosphorylation cascade which results in decreased signalling in post synaptic membrane and hence decrease insertion of AMPA
50
Plaques is formed by aggregation of
APP (amyloid precursor protein) that is important in neuronal repair and growth
51
What are sutures
Immovable joints in the skull (fibrous joints)
52
The sutures have zig zag patterns, what do they do
For stabilisation of bones Hard to dislocate The only way to break is to crush the bone
53
3 sutures
Saggital Coronal Lambdoid (parieto-occipital)
54
Where is the Calvaria
Top of skull bone above orbital bone (eye socket)
55
Middle cranial fossa contains a big hole where the brain stem passes through, what is that called
Foramen magnum
56
Technically the skull is composed of which two main compartment
Skull and the mandible bone connected by sphenoid bone
57
What does the subarachnoid space contain
Blood vessels CSF Nerves Arachnoid granulation where CSF drains into superior saggital sinuses (in between the two dura mater later
58
Why do we need delayed AP firing
1) distinguish info from one stimuli from another 2) to generate patterns that allows complex behaviour 3) to hold back excitatory response - protective sense - can cause seizure/epilepsy if over fire
59
Flumazenil is what type of drug
Competitive antagonist of BDZ | Short acting
60
Barbiturates and BDZ increases what properties of the GABA Channels
Both barbiturates and BDZ binds to the GABA channel at dif allosteric sites Barbiturates increases the duration of channel opening whilst BDZ increase GABA affinity thereby affecting the FREQency of channel opening
61
Lorazepam is amnestic and usually used for what Tx
Hypnotic drug for sleeping | - short acting agents
62
TCA drugs MoA
Serotonin dopamine reuptake inhibitor but also inhibit receptors such as H1R, mAChR causing serious S/E
63
SSRI MoA
``` Block SERT (5HT reuptake) More selective ```
64
UMN lesion results in
Movement deficit (not quite muscles) Muscle wasting due to lack of use/disuse Hypertonicity in muscles (spasticity) Positive banbinski sign (abnormal > 1 yr)
65
Banbinski sign only exist normally in healthy babies under 1yr Why is that
Corticospinal cord not fully developed so reflex will overpower the motor control
66
LMN lesion will cause
Individual/groups of muscles tonne affected Pronounced Muscle wasting/atrophy Flaccid/hypotonic muscles
67
Levetiracetam MoA
Block SV2A on vesicular membrane to inhibit release of excitatory NTR Anticonvulsant

ÉRS And NS (2 decks)

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