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Biology AQA > Nucleic Acid > Flashcards

Nucleic Acid Flashcards

1
Q

How many chromosomes are there in a normal cell?

A

46 (23 pairs)

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2
Q

Name 2 cells that do not have the usual number of chromosomes

A

Sex cells

Red blood cells

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3
Q

What are chromosomes made from ?

A

DNA found in the nucleus

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4
Q

What is a histone?

A

Protein + DNA

found in chromosomes

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5
Q

Describe nuclear division

A

nucleus divides ( mitosis and meiosis)

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6
Q

Describe Cytokinesis

A

Follows nuclear division and is the process by which the whole cell divides

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7
Q

What is the process by which the whole cell divides?

A

Cytokinesis

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8
Q

Describe the three components of a individual nucleotide

A

Phosphate group
Pentose sugar
Nitrogen-containing organic base

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9
Q

Name the 5 organic bases

A 
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine
Uracil
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10
Q

How is a mononucleotide formed?

A

By multiple condensation reactions

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11
Q

Name the bond between the phosphate group and pentose sugar on separate nucleotides

A

phosphodiester bond

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12
Q

What is a phosphodiester bond ?

A

bond between the phosphate group and pentose sugar on separate nucleotides

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13
Q

What does RNA stand for ?

A

Ribonucleic acid

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14
Q

What is the structure of RNA?

A

Single short polynucleotide chain
pentose sugar = ribose sugar
Adenine Uracil Cytosine Guanine

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15
Q

List 3 examples of RNA

A

One is involved in protein synthesis
One transfers genetic material from DNA to the ribosomes
Ribosomes are made up of proteins and RNA

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16
Q

What is transcription?

A

a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA (especially mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase

17
Q

What is translation ?

A

ribosomes in the cytoplasm or ER synthesize proteins

18
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

Deoxyribose sugar
Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine
2 polynucleotide molecules arranged like a ladder } double helix

19
Q

Base pairs are _____

A

complementary

20
Q

In what year was the DNA of DNA discovered and by whom?

A

1953
James Watson and Francis Crick
Rosalind Franklin

21
Q

Adenine binds with ______

A

Thymine

22
Q

Thymine binds with _______

A

Adenine

23
Q

Cytosine binds with _______

A

Guanine

24
Q

Guanine binds with _______

A

Cytosine

25
Q

What bonds form between base pairs?

A

Hydrogen

26
Q

Why is DNA stable?

A

Phosphodiester backbone protects organic baes inside helix from chemical reactions
H-Bonds between organic base pairs ( CG> AT )
‘Base stacking’= interactive forces

27
Q

Name the function of DNA

A

It is the hereditary material responsible for passing genetic information from cell to cell and generation to generation.

28
Q

How is DNA adapted to carry out its function?

A

Very stable structure that only rarely mutates when passing from generation to generation
Hydrogen bonds between base pairs can easily be separated during DNA replication and protein synthesis
Extremely large molecule so it carries a lot of information
base pairs within helical cylinder are protected from corruption
base paring = DNA can replicate and transfer information as mRNA

29
Q

Name the backbone

A

deoxyribose-phosphate

30
Q

The 2 strands of DNA are ___

A

anti-parallel

31
Q

5’ =

3’ =

A

5 prime = phosphate group

3 prime = hydroxyl group

32
Q

Nucleic acid can only be synthesised in what direction ?

A

5-3 direction

33
Q

Compare DNA and RNA for their differences

A 
DNA double-stranded/double helix and
mRNA single-stranded;
DNA (very) long and RNA short;
Thymine/T in DNA and uracil/U in RNA;
Deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA;
DNA has base pairing and mRNA doesn’t/
DNA has hydrogen bonding and mRNA
doesn’t;
DNA has introns/non-coding sequences
and mRNA doesn’t

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