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Nucleic Acid Techniques Flashcards

(87 cards)

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1
Q

joining of DNA stretches from different sources

A

recombinant DNA

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2
Q

recombinant DNA is joining of _______ stretches from _______ sources

A

DNA stretches, different sources

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3
Q

2 sources of DNA recombination

A

Natural and Artificial

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4
Q

transfer of bacterial or viral DNA into genome of other organism

A

natural rDNA

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5
Q

deliberate joining of DNA in a laboratory

A

artificial rDNA

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6
Q

what 2 kinds of DNA do bacteria contain

A

chromosomal and plasmid

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7
Q

plasmids replicate _______ from bacterial chromosome

A

independently

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8
Q

plasmids contain a _________ gene

A

antibiotic resistance

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9
Q

describe Plasmid DNA

A

circular, double stranded, contains origin of replication

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10
Q

bacteria takes up forge in genetic material (free naked DNA) from environment

A

Transformation

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11
Q

what is transformation

A

bacteria take up free DNA in environment

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12
Q

plasmids are taken up from outside of transferred from one bacterium to another

A

conjugation

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13
Q

what is conjugation

A

plasmids taken up/transferred between bacteria

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14
Q

what occurs during meiosis and promotes diversity

A

homologous recombination

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15
Q

homologous recombination occurs during _______ and promotes ______ in a population

A

meiosis, promotes diversity

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16
Q

what is translocations between DIFFERENT chromosomes, may cause cancer

A

non-homologous recombination

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17
Q

non-homologous recombination is translocations between _________ chromosomes and can cause ______

A

different chromosomes, can cause cancer

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18
Q

generate a new copy of transposable element at a new location

A

Replicative recombination

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19
Q

2 examples of replicative recombination

A

hemophilia, Duchenne muscular dystrophy

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20
Q

3 types of recombination in humans

A

homologous, non-homologous, replicative

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21
Q

plasmids can be used as _______ to carry foreign DNA into a cell

A

vector

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22
Q

_________ + __________ = recombinant DNA

A

plasmid vector + foreign DNA

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23
Q

plasmid vector + foreign DNA = ____________

A

recombinant DNA

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24
Q

6 essential sites of a plasmid vector

A

Origin of Replication, Promoter Region, Antibiotic Resistance Gene, Selectable Marker, Restriction Site, Multiple Cloning Site

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25
where DNA replication begins
origin of replication
26
codes for a protein that protects bacteria against antibiotics
antibiotic resistance gene
27
another antibiotic resistance gene or a fluorescent protein
selectable marker
28
flanked by restriction enzymes sites for easy insertion of gene of interest
multiple cloning site
29
drives transcription of therapeutic gene
promoter region
30
the multiple cloning site is flanked by _________ __________ for easy insertion of ________
restriction enzymes, gene of interest
31
the promoter region drives _______
transcription
32
DNA cutting enzymes that recognizes specific target sequences
restriction enzymes
33
the specific sequences of DNA recognized by restriction enzymes
restriction sites
34
2 types of cuts made by restriction enzymes
staggered and blunt
35
what type of cut has ends with single stranded DNA overhangs
staggered cuts
36
what cut has 5' sticky-ends
staggered
37
what type of ends do staggered cuts have
5' sticky ends
38
dna joining enzyme
DNA ligase
39
DNA ligase does what
joins DNA
40
PCR
Polymerase Chain Reaction
41
what amplifies small segments of DNA
PCR
42
3 components of PCR
primer, DNA Pol (Taq), dNTPs
43
thermostable enzyme that synthesizes copies of DNA
Taq Polymerase
44
what complements the target sequence and binds to the single stranded DNA (20-40 nucleotides long)
primer pairs
45
3 steps of PCR
Denaturation, Annealing, Extension
46
which step of PCR: separation of 2 DNA strands
Denaturation
47
which step of PCR: DNA primer binds to separated strands
Annealing
48
which step of PCR: DNA Pol begins adding nucleotides onto the ends
Extension
49
PCR products are analyzed by
gel electrophoresis
50
technique used to separate DNA fragments according to size
gel electrophoresis
51
gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments by _______
size
52
DNA is ______ charges so it migrates toward to ________ charged electrode
DNA is negatively charged, migrates to positive electrode
53
_________ DNA strands move more quickly so they are FURTHER down the gel
shorter
54
which size DNA fragments more further
smaller
55
which size DNA fragments don't go as far
larger
56
method used to identify an individual from a DNA sample by looking at unique patterns
DNA profiling
57
____% of DNA between 2 people is the same, ____% is what makes us unique
99.9% is the same, 0.1% is unique
58
2-5 base pairs long and repeated numerous times in a head to tail manner
short tandem repeats
59
short tandem repeats are also called
microsatellites
60
2 ways DNA Profiling is used
solve crime, link blood relatives
61
how are STR's used to identify individuals
people have different number of repeats at a given DNA locus
62
FBI recommends that _____ STR sequences are tested
13
63
powerful tool for genome editing
CRISPER/Cas
64
what is CRISPR used for
genome editing
65
CRISPR/Cas is used to eradicate ________
malaria
66
what is gene drive
using CRISPR to insert and spread a mutation in a population at a higher rate (used for malaria)
67
CRISPER gener therapy to cure ________
sickle cell anemia
68
CRISPR stands for
clusters of regularly interspaces short palindromic repeats
69
2 characteristics of CRISPR DNA sequences
nucleotide repeats and spacers
70
what are spacers
bits of DNA that are interspersed among repeated sequences
71
3 steps to protect bacteria from viral attack
Adaptation, crRNA biogenesis, targeting
72
which step: new spacers derived from genome of invading virus and incorporated into CRISPR array
Adaptation
73
which step: CRISPR precursor processed to generate small mature crRNA that consists of single spacer flanked by repeat region fragments
crRNA biogenesis
74
which step: crRNAs guide bacteria to destroy viral material
Targeting
75
what shuttles Cas9 to the target
gRNA
76
2 parts of gRNA
synthetic crRNA, synthetic trans-activating crRNA (tracrRNA)
77
process of determining order of the 4 bases in a piece of DNA
DNA sequencing
78
Human Genome Project was completed in
2003
79
2 methods of DNA sequencing
Sanger and Next-Generation
80
Sanger sequencing is also called
chain termination method
81
what technique was used in the Human Genome Project
Sanger sequencing
82
5 ingredients for Sanger Sequencing
DNA polymerase, Primer, the 4 nucleotides (dNTPs), template DNA, dideoxy nucleotides (ddNTPs)
83
dideoxy nucleotides lack a ______ group on the ____ carbon of the sugar ring
hydroxyl group on the 3' carbon
84
why can't nucleotides be added to dideoxy nucleotides
no hydroxy available
85
when does DNA Pol stop adding nucleotides during Sanger sequencing
when a ddNTP is added
86
how does Sanger sequencing work
fragments aligned based on overlapping portions to assemble larger regions of DNA
87
how many reactions occur during Sanger sequencing
4

Molecular Bio (3 decks)

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